PLINY
NATURAL HISTORY
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION IN TEN VOLUMES
VOLUME II LIBRI III-VII
BY
H. RACKHAM, M.A.
FELLOW OF CHRIST’S OOLLEGE, CAMBILIDGE
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLXI
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.
EDITED BY TT. E. PAGE, c.B., LITT.D. TE. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.p. 1 W. H. D. ROUSE, riTT.D. L. A. POST, r.Bg.p. E. H. WARMINGTON, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.
PLINY NATURAL HISTORY
II LIBRI 111-VIL
First printed 1942 Reprinted 1947, 1961
Printed in Great Britain
PREFATOnY NOTC . INTRODUCTION,
BOOK III 5o * + BOOE IV e 8 © BOOK V eo 8 6 BOOK VI « « e BOOK VII . 8 6 INDEX OF PEOPLE.
QEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
CONTENTS
.
PREFATORY NOTE
Tins translation is designed to afford assistance to the student of the Latin text; it is not primarily intended to supply the English reader with a substi- tute for the Latin.
INTRODUCTION
Turs volume contains Books III-VII of Pliny's Naturalis Historia.
The detailed contents will be found in Pliny's own outline of his work, which, with lists of the authorities used for each Book, constitutes Book I ; for Books III-VII see Volume I, pp. 28—41, of this edition.
The subject of Books III-VI is the geography, physical, political and historical, of the ancient world.
Book III: Southern Spain; Southern Gaul; Italy ; the Western Mediterranean and Ionian and Adriatic Islands; the countries round the north of the Adriatic.
Book IV: Greece and the rest of the Balkan Peninsula; the islands of the Eastern Mediter- ranean; the Black Sea and the countries west of it; Northern Europe.
Book V: North Africa; the Eastern Mediter- ranean and Asia Minor.
Book VI: Countries from the Black Sea to India; Persia; Arabia; Ethiopia; the Nile valley.
The subject of Book VII is the human race—its biology, physiology and psychology.
PLINY : NATURAL HISTORY
BOOK III
1
PLINII NATURALIS HISTORIA LIBER 1I I. Hacrenus de situ ct miraculis terrae aqua-
rumque ct siderum ae ratione universitatis atque mensura,
Nunc de partibus, quamquam infinitum id quoque cxistimatur nee temere sine aliqua reprehensione tractatum, haut ullo in generc venia iustiore, si modo minime mirum est hominem genitum non omnia humana novisse. quapropter auctorem neminem unum sequar, sed ut quemque verissimum in quaque parte arbitrabor, quoniam commune ferme omnibus fuit ut eos quisque diligentissime situs diceret in quibus ipse prodebat.! ideo nee eulpabo aut co- arguam quemquam. locorum nuda nomina et quanta dabitur brevitate ponentur, claritate causisque dilatis in suas partes; nune ? enim sermo de toto est. quare sic accipi velim ut si vidua fama sua nomina qualia fuere primordio ante ullas res gestas nuncu-
! Vl, prodibat. 3 Vi. nec.
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
BOOK III
I. So much as to the situation and the marvels of land and water and of the stars, and the plan and dimensions of the universe.
Now to describe its parts, although this also is considered an endless task, not lightly undertaken without some adverse criticism, though in no field does enquiry more fairly claim indulgence, only granting it to be by no means wonderful that one born a human being should not possess all human knowledge. For this reason I shall not follow any single authority, but such as I shall judge most reliable in thelr several departments, since I have found it a characteristic common to virtually all of them that each gave the most carcful deseription of the particular region in which he personally was writing. Accordingly I shall neither blame nor criticise anyone. The bare names of places will be set down, and with the greatest brevity available, their celebrity and its reasons being deferred to their proper sections; for my topic now is the world as a whole. Therefore I should like it to be understood that I speeify the bare names of the places without their record, as they were in the beginning before they had achieved
3
Geography of the world.
cr
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
pentur, et sit quaedam in his nomenclatura quidem, sed mundi rerumque naturac.
Terrarum orbis universus in tres dividitur partes, Europam Asiam Africam. origo ab occasu solis et Gaditano freto, qua inrumpens oceanus Atlanticus in maria interiora diffunditur. hinc intranti dextera Africa est, laeva Europa, inter has Asia; termini amnes Tanais et Nilus. xv p. in longitudinem quas diximus fauces oceani patent, v in latitudinem, a vico Mellaria Hispaniae ad promunturium Africae Album, auctore Turranio Gracile iuxta genito; T. Livius ae Nepos Cornelius latitudinis tradiderunt minimum ? vri p., ubi vero plurimum, x: tam modico ore tam inmensa aequorum vastitas panditur. nec profunda altitudo miraculum minuit: frequentes quippe taeniae candicantis vadi carinas territant ; qua de causa limen interni maris multi eum locum appellavere. proximis autem faucibus utrimque impositi montes coercent claustra, Abyla Africae, Europae Calpe, laborum Herculis metae, quam ob eausam indigenae columnas eius dei voeant, credunt- que perfossas exclusa antea admisisse maria et rerum naturae mutasse faciem.
Primum ergo de Europa altrice victoris omnium gentium populi longeque terrarum pulcherrima, quam plerique merito non tertiam portionem fecere verum
1 Kdd.: minus,
* Probably Tarifa. * Probably Punto del Sarinas.
BOOK III. r. 2-5
any history, and that though their names are mentioned, it is only as forming a portion of the world and of the natural universe.
The whole circuit of the earth is divided into three parts, Europe, Asia and Africa. ‘The starting point is in the west, at the Straits of Gibraltar, where the Atlantic Ocean bursts in and spreads out into the inlandseas. Onthe right as you enter from the oeean is Africa and on the left Europe, with Asia between them; the boundaries are the river Don and the river Nile. The ocean straits mentioned are fifteen miles long and five miles broad, from the village of Mellaria? in Spain to the White Cape^ in Africa, as given by Turranius Gracilis, a native of the neighbourhood, while Livy and Cornelius Nepos state the breadth at the narrowest point as seven miles and at the widest as ten miles: so narrow is the mouth through which pours so boundless an expanse of water. Nor is it of any great depth, so as to lessen the marvel, for recurring streaks of whitening shoal-water terrify passing keels, and con- sequently many have called this place the threshold of the Mediterranean. At the narrowest part of the Straits stand mountains on either side, enclosing the channel, Ximiera in Africa and Gibraltar in Europe; these were the limits of the labours of Hercules, and consequently the inhabitants call them the Pillars of that deity, and believe that he cut the channel through them and thereby let in the sea which had hitherto been shut out, so altering the face of nature.
To begin then with Europe, nurse of the race that has conquered all the nations, and by far the loveliest portion of the earth, which most authorities, not with- out reason, have reekoned to be not a third part but a
5
Three continents,
Gibraltar.
Europe: tts feur gulfs.
ü
7
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
aequam, in duas partes ab amne Tanai ad Gadi- tanum fretum universo orbe diviso. oceanus a quo dictum est spatio Atlanticum mare infundens et avido meatu terras quaecunque venientem ex- pavere demergens resistentis quoque flexuoso lit- orum anfractu lambit, Europam vel maxime recessibus crebris excavans, sed in quattuor praecipuos sinus, quorum primus a Calpe Hispaniae extimo (ut dictum est) monte Locros, Druttium usque promunturium, inmenso ambitu flectitur.
In eo prima Hispania terrarum est Ulterior appel- lata, eadem Baetica, mox a fine Murgitano Citerior eademque Tarraconensis ad Pyrenaeiiuga. Ulterior in duas per longitudinem provincias dividitur, siqui- dem Baeticae latere septentrionali praetenditur Lusitania amne Ana discreta. ortus hie in Lamini- tano agro Citerioris Hispaniae et modo in stagna se fundens modo in angustias resorbens aut in totuin cuniculis condens et saepius nasci gaudens in Atlanti- cum oceanum cílunditur. "Tarraconensis autem ad- fixa Pyrenaeo totoque eius a latere decurrens et simul ad Gallicum oceanum lliberico a mari trans- versa se pandens Solorio monte ct Oretanis iugis Carpentanisque et Asturuin a Bactica atque Lusitania distinguitur.
Bactica a flumine eam mediam secante cognominata
» Nearly the present Andalusia; named from the river actis, the Guadalquivir. ’ Portugal, exeluding the part between the Douro and the Minho. * The Guadiana (Arabie wadi, ‘ river '). 4 l'erhaps Alhambra. * i.e. from the Balearic Channel to the Bay of Biscay.
6
BOOK III. r. 5-7
half of the world, dividing the whole circle into two portions by a line drawn from the river Don to the Straits of Gibraltar. The ocean, pouring the Atlantic sea through the passage I have described, and in its eager progress overwhelming all the lands that shrank in awe before its coming, washes also those that offer resistance with a winding and broken coast- line: Europe especially it hollows out with a succes- sion of bays, but into four chief gulfs, of which the first bends in a vast curve from the Rock of Gibraltar, which, as I have said, is the extremity of Spain, right to Locri on Cape Spartivento.
'The first land situated on this gulf is called Further Spain or Baetica,* and then, from the frontier at Mujacar, Hither Spain or the Department of Tarragon, extending to the chain of the Pyrenees. Further Spain is divided lengthwise into two provinces, Lusitania? extending along the north side of Baetica and separated from it by the river Anas.* This rises in Hither Spain, in the territory of Lamin- ium,? and now spreading out into meres, now con- tracting into narrows, or burrowing entirely under- ground and gaily emerging again several times over, discharges itself into the Atlantic Ocean. The Department of Tarragon adjoins the Pyrenees, running down along the whole of one side of the chain and also extending across from the Iberian Sea to the Gallic Ocean,¢ and is separated from Bactica and Lusitania by Mount Solorius/ and by the ranges of the Oretani and Carpentani and of the Astures.9
Baetica, named after the river Baetis which
f The Sierra Nevada. ? The Sierra Morena, Mont de Toledo and Sierra de las Asturias.
7
Western Aediterra- nean,
The Spanish Peninsula,
Physical geography.
Andalusia,
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
cunctas provinciarum divite cultu et quodam fertili ac peculiari nitore praccedit. iuridici conventus ei rv, Gaditanus Cordubensis Astigitanus Hispalensis. oppida omnia numero crxxv, in iis coloniae 1x, muni- cipia c. R. x, Latio antiquitus donata xxvii, libertate vi, foedere rmi stipendiaria cxx. ex his digna memoratu aut Latino sermone dictu facilia, a flumine Ana, litore oceani, oppidum Ossonoba, Aestuaria cognominatum, inter confluentes ! Luxiam et Urium, Hareni montes, Daetis fluvius, litus Curense inflexo sinu, cuius ex adverso Gadis inter insulas dieendae, promunturium lunonis, portus Vaesippo, oppidum Baelo, Mellaria, fretum ex Atlantieo mari, Carteia Tartesos a Graccis dicta, mons Calpe. dein litore interno oppidum Darbesula cum fluvio, item Salduba, oppidum Suel, Malaea cum fluvio, foederatorum. | dein Maenuba cum fluvio, Sexi cognomine Firmum Iulium, Sel, Abdara, Murgi Daeticae finis. oram eam in universum originis Poenorum existimavit M. Agrippa; ab Ana autem Atlantico oceano obversa Bastulorum Turdulorumque est. in universam Hispaniam M. Varro pervenisse Hiberos ct Persas et Phoenicas Celtasque et Poenos tradit; lusum enim Liberi patris aut lyssam cum eo
1 Detlefscn.: inter fluentes,
* Probably the Tinto. * IV. 110. * Cape Trafalgar.
BOOK IIL. r. 7-8
divides it in two, stands first among the whole of the provinces in the richness of its cultivation and in a sort of peculiar fertility and brilliance of vegetation. It comprises four jurisdictions, those of Cadiz, Cordova, Ecija and Seville. Its towns number in all 175, of which 9 are colonies, 10 municipalities of Roman citizens, 27 towns granted early Latin rights, 6 free towns, 3 bound by treaty to Rome and 120 paying tribute. Worthy of mention in this district, or easily expressed in Latin, are: on the ocean coast beginning at the river Guadiana, the town Ossonoba, surnamed Aestuaria, at the con- fluence of the Luxia and the Urium?; the Hareni Mountains; the river Guadalquivir; the winding bay of the Coast of Curum, opposite to which is Cadiz, to be described? among the islands; the Promontory of Juno *; Port Vaesippo; the town of Baelo; Mellaria, the strait entering from the Atlantie; Carteia, called by the Greeks Tartesos; Gibraltar. Next, on the coast inside the straits, are: the town of Barbesula with its river; ditto Salduba; the town of Sucl; Malaga with its river, one of the treaty towns. Then comes Maenuba with its river; Firmum Julium surnamed Sexum; Sel; Abdara; Murgi, which is the boundary of Baetica. The whole of this coast was thought by Marcus Agrippa to be of Carthaginian origin; but beyond the Guadiana and facing the Atlantic Ocean is the territory of the Bastuli and Turduli. Marcus Varro records that the whole of Spain was pene- trated by invasions of Hiberi, Persians, Phoenicians, Celts and Carthaginians; for he says that it was the sport (lusus) of Father Liber, or the frenzy (Avoca) of those who revelled with him, that gave its name to
9
=)
lv
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
baechantium nomen dcdisse Lusitaniae, et Pana praefectum eius universae. at quae de Hercule ac Pyrene vel Saturno traduntur fabulosa in primis arbitror.
Daetis in Tarraconensis provinciae non, ut aliqui dixere, Mentesa oppido sed Tugiensi exoriens saltu (iuxta quem Tader fluvius qui Carthaginiensem agrum rigat) Ilorci refugit Scipionis rogum, versusque in occasum oceanum Atlanticum provinciam adoptans petit, modicus primo, sed multorum fluminum capax quibus ipse famam aquasque aufert. Baeticae primum ab Ossigetania infusus amoeno blandus alveo crebris dextra laevaque accolitur oppidis.
Celeberrima inter hunc et occani oram in mediter- raneo Segida quae Augurina cognominatur, Iulia quae Fidentia, Urgao quac Alba, Ebura quae Cerialis, Iliberri quod Liberini, Ilipula quae Laus, Artigi quod Iulienses, Vesci quod l'aventia, Singili, Ategua, Arialdunum, Agla Minor, Bacbro, Castra Vinaria, Cisimbrium, Hippo Nova, Illurco, Osca, Oscua, Sucaelo, Unditanum, Tucci Vctus—omnia Bastetaniae vergentis ad mare. conventus vero Cordubensis circa flumen ipsum Ossigi quod cogno- minatur Latonium, lliturgi quod Forum Iulium, Ipra, Isturgi quod Triumphale, Sucia, ct Avil p. remotum in mediterraneo Obulco quod Pontificense appellatur, mox Ripa, Epora foederatorum, Sacili Martialium, Onuba et dextra Corduba colonia Patricia cognomine, inde primum navigabili Baete, oppida Carbula, Decuma, fluvius Singilis, codem Baetis latere incidens.
IO
BOOK III. 1. 8-10
Lusitania, and that Pan was the governor of the whole of it. The stories related of Hereules, Pyrene or Saturn I regard as absolutely mythical.
The Guadalquivir rises in the province of Tarragon, not at the town of Moentesa, as some authorities have said, but in the Tugiensian Forest bordered by the river Segura that waters the territory of Carta- gena; at Lorea it avoids the Sepolero de Scipion and, turning westward, makes for the Atlantic Ocean, giving its name to the province; it is first of moderate size, but it receives many tributaries, from which it takes their glory as well as their waters. It first enters Bactica at Ossigetania, gliding gently in a pieturesque channel past a series of towns situated on both its banks.
Between this river and the Ocean coast the most famous places inland are: Segida surnamed Augurina ; Julia or Fidentia; Urgao or Alba; Ebura or Cerialis; Iliberri or Liberini; Hipula or Laus; Artigi or Julienses; Vesci or Faventia; Singili, Ategua, Arialdunum, Agla Minor, Baebro, Castra Vinaria, Cisimbrium, New Hippo, Illurco, Osea, Oscua, Sucaelo, Unditanum, Old ‘Tueci—all of which are places in that part of Dastetania which stretches towards the sea. Inthe jurisdiction of Cordova in the neighbour- hood of the actual river are Ossigi surnamed La- tonium, Iliturgi or Forum Julium, Ipra, Isturgi or Triumphale, Sucia, and 17 miles inland Obulco or Pontificense, then Ripa, Epora (a treaty town), Sacili Martialium, Onuba, and on the right bank the colony of Cordova surnamed Patricia. At this point the Guadalquivir first becomes navigable, and there are the towns of Carbula and Detunda, the river Xenil flowing into the Guadalquivir on the same side.
II
The river Guadal- quivir,
11
13
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Oppida Hispalensis conventus Celti, Axati, Arua, Canama, lvia, Hipa eognomine llpa Italica, et a laeva llispal colonia cognomine Romulensis, ex adverso oppidum Osset quod eognominatur Iulia Constantia, Vergentum quod Iuli Genius, Orippo, Caura, Siarum, fluvius Macnuba Baeti ct ipse a dextro latere infusus. at inter aestuaria Bactis oppi- dum Nabrissa cognomine Veneria et Colobana, coloniae Hasta quae Regia dicitur ct in mediterraneo Asido quae Caesarina.
Singilis fluvius in Baetim quo dictum est ordine inrumpens, Astigitanam coloniam adluit cognomine Augustam Firinam, ab ea navigabilis. huius con- ventus sunt reliquae coloniae inmunes Tucci quae cognominatur Augusta Gemella, Iptuci quae Virtus Iulia, Ucubi quae Claritas Iulia, Urso quae Genetiva Urbanorum ; inter quae fuit Munda eun Pompcio filio rapta. oppida libera Astigi Vetus, Ostippo, stipendi- aria Callet, Callicula, Castra Gemina, Ilipula Minor, Marruca, Saerana, Obulcula, Oningis, Sabora, Ven- tippo. Maenubam amnem et ipsum navigabilem haut procul aecolunt Olontigi, Laclia, Lastigi.
Quac autem regio a Baete ad fluvium Anam tendit extra praedicta Bacturia appellatur in duas divisa partes totidemque gentes, Celticos qui Lusitaniam attingunt, Hispalensis conventus, Turdulos qui Lu- sitaniam et Tarraconensem accolunt, iura Cordubam
* Gnaeus the eldest son of Pompeius Magnus was defeated
at Munda (possibly near Cordova) 45 n.c., and soon afterwards captured and killed; the town was destroyed.
12
BOOK III. 1. 11-13
The towns of the jurisdiction of Hispalis are Celti, Axati, Arua, Canama, Evia, lipa surnamed llpa Italica; on the left bank is the colony Hispal sur- named Romulensis, while on the opposite side are the towns Osset surnamed Julia Constantia, Ver- gentum or Juli Genius, Orippo, Caura, Siarum, and the river Maenuba, a tributary of the Guadal- quivir on its right. Between the estuaries of the Guadalquivir are the towns of Nabrissa, surnamed Veneria, and Colobana, with two colonies, Hasta, which is called Regia, and inland Asido, which is called Caesarina.
The river Xenil, joining the Guadalquivir at the place in the list already mentioned, washes the colony of Astigi, surnamed Augusta Firma, from which point it becomes navigable. The other colonies in this jurisdiction exempt from tribute are Tucci, surnamed Augusta Gemella, Iptuci or Virtus Julia, Ucubi or Claritas Julia, Urso or Genetiva Urbanorum; and among these once was Munda, which was taken with the younger Pompey. ‘The free towns are Old Astigi and Ostippo, with the tributary towns of Callet, Callieula, Castra Gemina, llipula Minor, Marruea, Sacrana, Obulcula, Oningis, Sabora and Ventippo. At no great distance, on the Maenuba. another navigable river, are the settlements of Olontigi, Laclia and Lastigi.
The region stretching from the Guadalquivir to the river Guadiana beyond the places already mentioned is called Baeturia, and is divided into two parts and the same nuinber of races, the Celtici bordering on Lusitania, of the jurisdiction of Seville, and the Turduli, who dwell on the borders of Lusitania and the Tarragon territory, but are in the jurisdiction of
I3
The Xenil.
14
16
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
petunt. Celticos a Celtiberis ex Lusitania advenisse manifestum est sacris, lingua, oppidorum vocabulis quae cognominibus in Bactica distinguntur: Seriae adicitur l'ama Iulia, Nertobrigae Concordia Iulia, Segidae Restituta Iulia, Contributa Iulia Ugultuniae (cum qua et Curiga nunc est), Lacimurgae Constantia Iulia, Steresibus Fortunales et Callensibus Aeneanici. praeter haec in Celtica Acinipo, Arunda, Arunci, Turobriga, Lastigi, Salpesa, Saepone, Serippo. altera Bacturia, quam diximus Turdulorum et conventus Cordubensis, habet oppida non ignobilia Arsam, Mel- lariam, Mirobrigam Reginam, Sosintigi, Sisaponem. Gaditani conventus civium Romanorum Regina, Latinorum Laepia Regia, Carisa cognomine Aurelia, Urgia cognominata Castrum Iulium, item Caesaris Salutariensis; stipendiaria Besaro, Belippo, Barbe- sula, Blacippo, Baesippo, Callet, Cappacum, Oleastro, Iptuci, lIbrona, Lascuta, Saguntia, Saudo, Usaepo. Longitudinem universam cius prodidit M. Agrippa CcccLXxV p., latitudinem ccrviir, sed cum termini Carthaginem usque procederent: quae causa magnos errores conputatione mensurae saepius parit, alibi mutato provinciarum modo alibi itinerum auctis aut diminutis passibus. incubuere maria tam longo aevo,
alibi processere litora, torsere se fluminum aut
14
BOOK Ili. 1. 13-16
Cordova. That the Celtici eame from the Celtiberi in Lusitania is proved by their religion, their language, and the names of their towns, w hich in Baetica are distinguished by surnames: Seria has the additional name of Fama Julia, Nertobriga that of Concordia Julia, Segida that of Restituta Julia, Ugultunia that of Contributa Julia (in which now is also included the town of Curiga), Lacimurga that of Constantia Julia, and Stereses the surname of Fortunales and Callenses that of Aeneanici. Besides these places there are in Celtica Aeinipo, Arunda, Arunci, Turobriga, Lastigi, Salpesa, Saepone, Serippo. The other part of Daeturia, which we have said belongs to the Turduli and to the jurisdiction of Cordova, contains the not undistinguished towns of Arsa, Mellaria, Mirobriga Regina, Sosintigi and Sisapo. To the jurisdiction of Cadiz belong Regina, with Roman eitizens, Laepia Regia with Latin citizens, Carisa surnamed Aurelia, Urgia surnamed Castrum Julium, and also Caesaris Salutariensis ; the tributary towns of Besaro, Belippo, Barbesula, Blacippo, Baesippo, Callet, Cappacum, Oleastro, Iptuci, Ibrona, Lascuta, Saguntia, Saudo, Usacpo.
The total length of Baetica according to Marcus Agrippa is 475 miles, and its breadth 258 miles, but this was when its brandis extended as far as Carta- gena: such extensions comparatively often give rise to great errors in the measurements of distances, as they sometimes eause altcrations in the boundary of provinces and sometimes an increase or reduction of the mileage of roads. During so long a period of time the seas have been encroaching on the land or the shores have been moving forward, and rivers have formed curves or have straightened out their wind-
T5
Dimensions of Baetica.
17
15
19
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY correxere flexus. praeterea aliunde aliis exordium mensurae est et alia meatus: ita fit ut nulli duo con- cinant.
II. Baeticae longitudo nunc a Castulonis oppidi fine Gadis cc. et a Murgi maritima ora xx¥ p. amplior, latitudo a Carteia Anam ora CcXaxiv p. Agrippam quidem in tanta viri diligentia praeterque in hoc opere cura, eum orbem terrarum urbi! spectandum propositurus esset, errasse quis credat et cum co divum Augustum? is namque conplexam eum porticum ex destinatione et commentariis M. Agrippae a sorore cius inchoatam peregit.
Ill. Citerioris Hispaniae sicut conplurium pro- vinciarum aliquantum vetus forma mutata est, utpote cum Pompceius Magnus tropacis suis quae statuebat in Pyrenaeo pccctxxvi oppida ab Alpibus ad fines Hispaniae ulterioris in dicionem. ab se redacta testatus sit. nunc universa provincia divi- ditur in conventus septem, Carthaginiensem Tarraco- nensem Cacsaraugustanum Cluniensem Asturum Lucensem Bracarum. accedunt insulae quarum mentione seposita civitates provincia ipsa praeter contributas aliis ccxcii1 continet oppida cLxxxIX, in iis colonias x11, oppida civium Romanorum xri, Lati- norum veterum xvii, foederatum unum, stipendiaria CXXXV.
Primi in ora Bastuli, post eos quo dicentur? ordine intus rccedentes Mentesani, Oretani et ad
1 FE dd.: orbi. 2 Rackham: dicitur.
? The Porticus Octaviae, between the Circus Flaminius and the Theatre of Marcellus.
16
BOOK III. 1. 16-111. 19
ings. Moreover different persons take different starting-points for their measurements and follow different lines; and the consequence is that no two authorities agree.
II. At present the length of Baetica from the frontier of the town of Cazlona to Cadiz is 250 miles, and from the sea-front of Murgi 25 miles more; its breadth from Carteia along the coast to the Guadiana is 234 miles. Agrippa was a very painstaking man, and also a very careful geographer ; who therefore could believe that when intending to set before the eyes of Rome a survey of the world he made a mistake, and with him the late lamented Augustus? for it was Augustus who completed the portico? containing a plan of the world that had been begun by his sister in accordance with the design and memoranda of Marcus Agrippa.
HI. The old shape of Hither Spain has been con- siderably altered, as has been that of several provinces, in as much as Pompey the Great on his trophies which he set up in the Pyrenees testified that he had brought into subjcction 876 towns between the Alps and the borders of Further Spain. Today the whole province is divided into seven jurisdictions, namely those of Cartagena, ‘Tarragon, Saragossa, Clunia, Astorga, Lugo, Braga. In addition there are the islands which will be mentioned separately, but the province itself contains, besides 292 states dependent on others, 189 towns, of which 12 arc colonies, 13 are towns of Roman citizens, 18 have the old Latin rights, one is a treaty town and 135 are tributary.
The first people, on the coast, are the Bastuli, and after them in the following order proceeding inland come the Mentesani, the Qretani, the Carpetani
17
Western Spain.
Districts,
te
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Tagum Carpetani, iuxta eos Vaccaei, Vettones et Celtiberi Arevaci. oppida orae proxima Urci, adscriptumque Bacticae Barea, regio Bastitania, mox deinde Contestania, Carthago Nova colonia, cuius a promunturio quod Saturni vocatur Caesaream Mauretaniae urbem cuxxxxvr p. traiectus. reliqua in ora flumen Tader, colonia inmunis Ilici, unde Ilicitanus sinus; in cam contribuuntur Icositani. mox Latinorum Lucentum, Dianium stipendiarium, Sucro fluvius et quondam oppidum, Contestaniac finis. regio Edetania amoeno practendente se stagno, ad Celtiberos recedens. "Valentia colonia iii p. a mari remota, flumen Turium, ct tantundem a mari Saguntum civium Romanorum oppidum fide nobile, flumen Udiva. regio Hergaonum, Hiberus amnis navigabili commercio dives, ortus in Cantabris haut procul oppido Iuliobrica, per CCCCL p. fluens. navium per Ccrx a Vareia oppido capax, quem propter universam Hispaniam Graeci appellavere Ilibcriam. regio Cessctania, flumen Subi, colonia Tarraeon, Scipionum opus, sicut Carthago Poenorum. regio [lergetum, oppidum Subur, flumen Rubricatum, a quo Laectani et Indigetes. post cos quo dicctur ordinc intus rece. dentes radice Pyrenaci Ausetani, Iacetani perque
® Rather than surrender to Hannibal, the Saguntines set fire to their town and perished in the flames, 219 B.c. The town was rebuilt cight years later.
18
BOOK III. ri. 19-22
on the Tagus, and next to them the Vaceaci, the Vettones and the Celtiberian Arevaci. The towns nearest the coast are Urei and Barea that belongs to Baetica, then the district of Bastitania, next after which comes Contestania and the colony of New Carthage, from the promontory of which, ealled the Cape of Saturn, the crossing to Caesarea, a city of Mauretania, is 197 miles. There remain to be mentioned on the coast the river Tader and the tax-free colony of Iliei, from which the Ilieitan Gulf takes its name; to this colony the Ieositani are subordinate. Next come Lueentum, with Latin rights, Dianium, a tributary town, the river Sucro and in former days a town of the same name, forming the boundary of Contestania. The district of Ede- tania comes next, with a lovely expanse of lake in front of it, and reaching baek to Celtiberia. The colony of Valencia three miles from the sea, the river Turium, Saguntum, also three miles from the sea, a town with Roman citizenship, famous for its loyalty, and the river Udiva. The district of the Ilergaones, the river Ebro, rich in ship-borne trade, rising in the district of the Cantabri not far from the town of Juliobriea, with a course of 450 miles, for 260 of which from the town of Vareia it is navigable for ships, and beeause of it the Greeks have ealled the whole of Spain by the name of Iberia. Next the distriet of Cessetania, the river Subi, the eolony Tarragon, which was founded by the Seipios, as Cartagena was by the Carthaginians. ‘The distriet of the llergetes comes next, the town of Subur and the river Rubri- eatum, after which begin the Laeetani and the Indi- getes. After them in the following order proceeding inland from the foot of the Pyrenees are the Ausetani,
I9
24
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Pyrenaeum Cerretani, dein Vascones. in ora autem colonia Barcino cognomine Faventia, oppida civium Romanorum Baetulo, Huro, flumen Arnum, Blandae, flumen Alba, Emporiae, geminum hoc veterum incolarum et Graecorum qui Phocaeensium fuere suboles, flumen Ticcr. ab eo Pyrenaea Venus in latere promunturi altero NL.
Nune per singulos conventus reddentur insignia practer supra dicta. Tarracone disceptant populi XLU, quorum celeberrimi civium Romanorum Derto- sani, Disgargitani, Latinorum Ausetani, Cerretani qui Iuliani cognominantur et qui Augustani, Edetani, Gerundenses, Gessorienses, Teari qui Iulienses, stipendiariorum Aquicaldenses, Aesonenses, Baecu- lonenscs.
Caesaraugusta colonia immunis amne Hibero
adfusa ubi oppidum antea vocabatur Salduba,
regionis Mdctaniaec, recipit populos rv, ex his
civium Romanormin Lilbilitanos, Celsenses ex colonia,
Calagurritanos qui Nasici cognominantur, Ilerdenses Surdaonum gentis iuxta quos Sicoris fluvius, Oscenses regionis Suessetaniae, Turiassonenses; Latinorum veterum Cascantenses, Ergavicenses, Graccurritanos, Leonicenses, Osicerdenses; foederatos Tarracenses ; Arace-
stipendiarios Arcobrigenses, Andelonenses,
litanos, Bursaonenses, Calagurritanos qui Fibula-
20
BOOK III. imr. 22-24
the Jacetani, the Cerretani along the Pyrenees, and then the Vascones. On the coast is the colony of Barcelona, surnamed Faventia, the Roman towns of Badalona and Iluro, the River Arnum, Blandae, the river Alba, Amporias, one part of which is inhabited by the original natives and the other by Greeks descended from the Phocaeans, and the niver Ticer. From it Cabo de Cruz on the other side of the promontory is 40 miles distant.
We will now take the jurisdictions in order and give noteworthy facts about them in addition to those mentioned above. [Forty-two peoples are subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of Tarragona; of them the best known are—with the rights of Roman eitizens, the people of "Tortosa and the Bisgargitani ; with Latin rights, the Ausetani, the Cerretani surnamed Juliani, and those surnamed Augustani, the Edetani, Gerundenses, Gessorienses, and Teari or Julienses; tributaries, the ^ Aquicaldenses, Aesonenses and Baeculonenses.
Caesaraugusta, a eolony that pays no taxes, is washed by the river Ebro; its site was once occu- pied by a town called Salduba, belonging to the district of Edetania. It is the centre for 55 peoples; of these with the rights of Roman citizens are the Bilbilitani, the Celsenses (once a eolony), the Calagur- ritani (surnamed Nasiei), the Ilerdenses belonging to the race of the Surdaonés next to the river Sicoris, the Oscenscs of the district of Suessetania, and the Turiassonenses; with the old Latin rights are the Cascantenses, Ergavicenses, Graceurritani, Leoni- censes and Osicerdenses; bound by treaty are the Tarracenses; tributary are the Arcobrigenses, Andelonenses, Aracelitani, Bursaonenses, Calagurri-
VOL. IT. B 2I
Administra- tive divisions.
Saragossa,
[E] Ci
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
renses cognominantur, Conplutenses, Carenses, Cincienses, Cortonenses, Damanitanos, Ispallenses, Ilursenses, Iluberitanos, Iaectanos, Libienses, Pompe- lonenses, Segienses.
Carthaginem conveniunt populi Lxv exceptis in- sularum incolis: ex colonia Accitana Gemellense, ex Libisosana cognomine Foroaugustana, quibus duabus ius Italiac datum, ex colonia Salariense, oppidani Latii veteris Castulonenses qui Caesarii Iuvenales appellantur, Saetabitani qui Augustani, Valerienses. stipendiariorum autem celeberrimi Alabanenses, Bastitani, Consaburrenses, Dianenses, Egelestani, lorcitani, Laminitani, Mentesani qui et Orctani, Mentesani qui et Bastuli, Oretani qui et Germani cognominantur, caputque Celtiberiae Segobrigenses, Carpetaniae Toletani Tago flumini inpositi, dein Viatienses et Virgilienses.
In Cluniensem conventum Varduli ducunt populos xiv, ex. quibus Alabanenses tantum nominare libeat, Turmogidi rv, in quibus Segisamonenses et Segisamaiulienses. in cundem conventum Carietes et Vennenses v civitatibus vadunt, quarum sunt Velienses. eodem Pelendones Celtiberum 1v populis, quorum Numantini fuere clari, sieut in Vaecaeorum xvii civitatibus Intercatienses, Palantini, Lacobri- genses, Caucenses. iam! in Cantabricis vi1 populis luliobriga sola memoretur, in Autrigonum x civitati- bus Tritium et Virovesca. Arevacis nomen dedit
1 Rackham: nam.
22
BOOK III. 1n. 24-27
tani surnamed Fibularenscs, Conplutenses, Carenses, Cincienses, Cortonenses, Damanitani, Ispallenses, Ilursenses, Iluberitani, Jacetani, Libienses, Pom- pelonenses and Segienses.
At Cartagena assemble sixty-five peoples, not including inhabitants of islands: from the colony of Accitana Gemellensis and from Libisosana named Foroaugustana, to both of which Italic rights have been given, from the colony of Salaria; townsmen with thc rights of old Latium, the Castulonenses, also called Caesarii Juvenales, the Sactabitani or Augustani, and the Valerienses. Of the tributary peoples the best known are the Alabanenses, Bastitani, Con- saburrenses, Dianenses, Egelestani, llorcitani, Laminitani, Mentesani or Oretani, Mentesani or Bastuli, the Oretani surnamed Germani, and the people of Segobriga, capital of Celtiberia, the people of Toletum on the Tagus, the capital of Carpetania, and then the Viatienses and the Virgilienses.
To the jurisdiction of Corunna the Varduli bring fourteen pcoples, of whom we would mention only the Alabanenses, and the Turmogidi bring four, including the Segisamonenses and the Segisamajulienses. To the same Jurisdiction go the Carietes and the Ven- nenses with five states, of whom the Velienses form one. Thither too go the Pelendones of the Celti- berians with four peoples, of whom the Numantines were once famous, as among tlic seventeen states of the Vaccaci were the Intercatienses, Palan- tini, Lacobrigenses and Caucenses. ‘Then among the Cantabrici, seven peoples, one state only, Julio- briga, need be mentioned, and Tritium and Viro- vesca among the ten states of the Autrigones. The Arevaci got their name from thc river Areva; to
25
Cartagena,
Corunna.
30
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
fluvius Areva; horum v1 oppida, Secontia et Uxama, quae nomina crebro aliis in locis usurpantur, prae- terea Segovia et Nova Augusta, Termes ipsaque Clunia Celtiberiae finis. ad oceanum reliqua ver- gunt Vardulique ex praedictis et Cantabri.
Iunguntur iis Asturum xxi1 populi divisi in Augus- tanos et Transmontanos, Asturica urbe magnifica; in his sunt Gigurri, Pescii, Lancienses, Zoelae. numerus omnis multitudinis ad ccxr liberorum capitum.
Lucensis conventus populorum est xv, praeter Celticos et Lemavos ignobilium ae barbarae appella- tionis scd liberorum capitum ferme crxvi.
Simili modo Bracarum xxiv. civitates CCLXXXV capitum, ex quibus praeter ipsos Dracaros Biballi, Coelerni, Calaeci, Equaesi, Limici, Querquerni citra fastidium nominentur.
Longitudo citeriori Hispaniae est ad finem Castu- lonis a Pyrenaco pcvii p. et ora paulo amplius, latitudo a Tarracone ad litus Olarsonis Cccvii, e radicibus Pvrenaei, ubi cuneatur angustiis inter duo maria; paulatim deinde se pandens, qua con- tingit ulteriorem Hispaniam tantundem et amplius latitudini adicit.
Metallis plumbi ferri aeris argrenti auri tota ferme Hispania scatet, citerior et specularis lapidis, Baetica et minio. sunt et marmorum lapicidinae. universae
Hispaniae Vespasianus imperator Augustus iactatum
24
BOOK III. 111. 27-30
them belong six towns, Secontia and Uxama, com- mon names in other regions, also Segovia and Nova Augusta, with Termes and Corunna itself, the end of Celtiberia. The rest of the country stretches to- wards the ocean, and here are the Varduli of those already mentioned and the Cantabri.
Adjoining these are twenty-two peoples of the Astures, divided into the Augustani and the Trans- montani, with the splendid city of Asturica; these include the Gigurri, Pescii, Lancienses and Zoelae. The total number of the population amounts to 210,000 free persons.
The jurisdiction of Lucus contains 15 peoples, unimportant and bearing outlandish names, excepting the Celtiei and Lemavi, but with a free population amounting to about 166,000.
In a similar way the twenty-four states of Braga contain 285,000 persons, of whom besides the Bracari themselves may be mentioned, without wearying the reader, the Diballi, Coelerni, Callaeci, Equaesi, Limici and Querquerni.
The length of Hither Spain from the Pyrenees to the frontier of Cazlona is 607 miles, and a little more along the coast; its breadth from Tarragon to the shore of Olarson is 307 miles, starting from the foot of the Pyrenees, where the country forms the shape of a wedge between the two seas; then gradually it widens out, and where it touches Further Spain it adds more than as much again to its breadth.
Nearly the whole of Spain is covered with mines of lead, iron, copper, silver and gold, Hither Spain with muscovite mines also; Daetica abounds in cinnabar as well. There are besides quarries of marble. His Majesty the Emperor Vespasian be-
25
Lugo.
Braga.
Dimensions of (Hither) Spain.
Jfinerals of the Peninsula,
31
32
PLINY: NATURAL IIISTORY
procellis rei publieae Latium tribuit. Pyrenaei montes Hispanias Galliasque disterminant promun- turiis in duo diversa maria proicctis.
IV. Narbonensis provincia appellatur pars Gallia- rum quae interno mari adluitur, Dracata antea dicta, amne Varo ab Italia disereta Alpiumque vel saluberrimis Romano imperio iugis, a reliqua vero Gallia latere septentrionali montibus Cebenna et Iuribus, agrorum cultu, virorum morumque digna- tione, amplitudine opum nulli provinciarum post- ferenda breviterque Italia verius quam provincia. in ora regio Sordonum intusque Consuaranorum, flumina Tetum, Vernodubrum, oppida Illiberis. magnae quondam urbis tenue vestigium, Ruscino Latinorum, flumen Atax e Pyrenaeo Rubrensem Narbo
colonia xi! p. a mari distans, flumina Araris, Liria.
permeans lacum, Martius decumanorum oppida de cetero rara praeiacentibus stagnis. Agatha quondam Massiliensium et regio Volcarum Teeto- sagum atque ubi Rhoda Rhodioruin fuit, unde dictus multo Galliarum fertilissimus Rhodanus amnis ex Alpibus se rapiens per Lemannum lacum segnemque deferens Ararem nec minus se ipso torrentes Jsaram ct Druantiam. Libica appellantur duo eius ora
¢ From the linen breeches worn by the natives. * L'Ewng de Sigéan.
26
BOOK III. n1. 30-1v. 33
stowed the rights of Latium on the whole of Spain when it had been storm-tossed by civil disorders. The frontier between the Spanish and the Gallic provinces is formed by the mountains of the Pyrenees, with headlands projecting into the two seas on either side.
IV. The part of the Gauls washed by the Medi- terranean is entitled the province of Narbonne, having previously had the name of Bracata.2 It is divided from Italy by the river Var, and by the ranges of the Alps, a very secure protection for the Roman Empire, and from the rest of Gaulon the north by the Cevennes and Jura mountains. Its agriculture, the high repute of its men and manners and the vastness of its wealth make it the equal of any other province: it is, in a word, not so much a province as a part of Italy. On the coast there is the district of the Sor- dones, and more inland that of the Consuarani; the rivers are the Tech and the Verdouble, and the towns Elne, the mere shadow of what was once a mighty city, and Caste] Roussillon, which has Latin rights. Then come the river Aude, which flows from the Pyrenees through the lake Rubrensis, Narbonne, a colony of the tenth legion twelve miles from the sea, and the rivers Hérault and Lez. Apart from those mentioned there are but few towns, owing to the marshes that fringe the coast. There is Agde, formerly belonging to Marseilles, the district of the Voleac Tectosages, and the former site of Rhoda, a colony of Rhodes, that has given its name to the Rhone, the most fertile river of the two Gauls, which rushes from the Alps through the Lake of Geneva, bringing along the sluggish Saóne and the Isére and Durance which are as rapid as itself. Of its mouths the two smaller are called Libiea,
27
Southern Gaul : its geography, cities and tribes.
34
36
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
modiea, ex his alterum Hispaniense alterum Meta- pinum, tertium idemque amplissimum Massalio- ticum. sunt auctores ct lleracleam oppidum in ostio Rhodani fuisse. ultra fossae ex Rhodano C. Mari opere et nomine insignes, stagnum Mastromela, oppidum Maritima Avaticorum, superque Campi Lapidei, Herculis procliorum memoria, regio Anati- liorum et intus Dexivatium Cavarumque; rursus a mari Tricorium et intus Tritollorum Voeontiorumque et Segovellaunorum, mox Allobrogum. at in ora Massilia Graecorum Phocacensium focderata, pro- munturium Zao, Citharista portus, regio Camaetuli- corum, dein Suelteri supraque Verucini. in ora autem Athenopolis Massiliensium, Forum Iuli octa- vanorum eolonia quae Pacensis appellatur et Classica, amnis nomine Argenteus, regio Oxubiorum Ligauno- rumque, super quos Sucbri, Quariates, Adunicates. at inora oppidum Latinum Antipolis, regio Deciatium, amnis Varus ex Alpium monte Caenia profusus.
ln mediterranco coloniae Arelate sextanorum, Baeterrae septimanorum, Arausio secundanorum, in agro Cavarum Valentia, Vienna Allobrogum. oppida Latina Aquae Sextiae Salluviorum, Avennio Cavarum. Apta Iulia Vulgientium, Alacbaece Reio- rum Apollinarium, Alba Helvorum, Augusta Tricas- tinorum, Anatilia, Aetea, Bormani, Comani, Cabellio,
28
BOOK III. tv. 33-36
one the Spanish, the other the Metapinian; the third and largest is the Massaliotie. Some authorities state that at the mouth of the Rhone there was once a town called Heraclea. Beyond are the canals leading out of the Rhone, famous as the work of Gaius Marius whose distinguished name they bear, Lake Mastromela and the town of Maritima of the Avatici, and above are the Stony Plains, where tradition says that Ilercules fought battles, the district of the Anatilii, and inland those of the Dexivates and Cavares. Returning to the sea we have the districts of the Tricores and inland those of the Tritolli, Vocontii and Segovellauni, and after them the Allobroges. On the coast is Marseilles, founded by the Greeks of Phocaea and now a eonfederate city, then the promontory of Zao, the harbour of Citharista, the district of the Camactulici, then the Suelteri and above them the Verueini. On the eoast too are Athenopolis of the Massilians, Fréjus, a colony of the eighth legion, called Paeensis and Classica, a river named Argenteus, the district of the Oxubii and Ligauni, beyond whom come the Suebri, Quariates and Adunicates. On the coast is the town of Antibes with Latin rights, the district of the Deeiates and the river Var, which rises in Mont Cenis in the Alps.
The colonies in the interior are: Arles, the station of the sixth legion, Béziers of the seventh, Orange of the second, Valence in the territory of the Cavares, and Vienne inthatofthe Allobroges. The towns with Latin rights are Aix in the territory of the Salluvii, Avignon of the Cavares, Apt of the Vulgientes, Riez of the Reii Apollinares, Alba of the Hclvi, Augusta of the Tricastini, Anatilia, Aetea, the Bormani, the
29
e =I
38
3t
PLINY: NATURAL IIISTORY Careasum Volearum Tectosagum, Cessero, Carpen- toracte Meminorum, Caenicenses, Cambolectri qui Atlantici cognominantur, Forum Voconi, Glanum Libii, Lutevani qui et Foroneronienses, Nemausum Arecomicorum, Piscinae, Ruteni, Samnagenses, To- losani Tectosagum Aquitaniae contermini, Tasgoduni, Taruseonienses, Umbranici, Vocontiorum civitatis foederatae duo capita Vasio et Lucus Augusti, oppida vero ignobilia xix sicut xxiv Nemausensibus adtributa. adiecit formulae Galba imperator ex Inalpinis Avanticos atque Bodionticos, quorum oppidum Dinia. longitudinem | provinciae Narbo- nensis CCCLXX p. Agrippa tradit, latitudinem ccxrvii. V. Italia dehinc primique eius Ligures, mox Etruria, Umbria, Latium, ubi Tiberina ostia et Roma terrarum caput, Xvi p. intervallo a mari. Volseum postea litus et Campaniae, Picentinum inde ae Lucanum Bruttiumque, quo longissime in meridiem ab Alpium paene lunatis iugis in maria excurrit Italia. ab eo Graeciae ora, mox Sallentini. Paedi- culi Apuli, Pacligni, Frentani, Marrueini, Vestini, Sabini, Picentes, Galli, Umbri, Tusci, Veneti. Carni, Iapudes, Histri, Liburni. nee ignoro ingrati ae segnis animi existimari posse merito si obiter atque in transcursu ad hune modum dicatur terra omnium terrarum alumna eadem et parens, numine deum eleeta quae caelum ipsum clarius faceret, sparsa
1 Rackham (cf. 102) : Pediculi, Poediculi.
Now Toulouse, Now Tarascon, l'erhaps Vabres. See $ 102 n.
Boca
30
BOOK III. 1v. 36-v. 39
Comani, Cavaillon, Carcassonne of the Volcae Tectosages, Cessero, Carpentras of the Memini, the Caenicenses, the Cambolectri surnamed Atlantici, Forum Voconi, Glanum Libii, the Lutevani also called Foroneronienses, Nimes of the Arccomici, Pézenas, the Ruteni, the Samnagenses, the Tolosani * of the Tectosages on the border of Aquitania, the Tasgoduni, the Tarusconienses, the Umbranici,¢ the two capitals of the confederate state of the Vocontii, Vasio and Lucus Augusti; and also unimportant towns to the number of 19, as well as 24 assigned to the people of Nimes. The Emperor Galba added to the list two peoples dwelling in the Alps, the people of Avanqon and the Bodiontici, whose town is Digne. According to Agrippa the length of the province of Narbonne is 370 miles and the breadth 248.
V. After this comes Italy, the first people of it being the Ligurians, after whom come Etruria, Umbria and Latium, where are the mouths of the Tiber and Rome, the capital of the world, sixteen miles from the sea. Afterwards come the coast of the Volsci and of Campania, then of Picenum and Lucania and the Bruttii, the southernmost point to which Italy juts out into the sea from the almost erescent-shaped chain of the Alps. After the Bruttii comes the coast of Magna Graccia, followed by the Sallentini, Paediculi? Apuli, Paeligni, Frentani, Marrucini, Vestini, Sabini, Picentes, Gauls, Umbrians, Tuscans, Venetians, Carni, Iapudes, Histri and Li- burni. I am well aware that I may with justice be considered ungrateful and lazy i? I describe in this casual and cursory manner a land which is at once the nursling and the mother of all other lands, chosen by the providence of the gods to make heaven itself
3t
Italy: tts races.
40
41
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
congregaret imperia ritusque molliret et tot popu- lorum discordes ferasque linguas sermonis com, mercio contraheret ad colloquia et humanitatem homini daret, breviterque una cunctarum gentium in toto orbe patria fieret. sed quid agam? tanta nobilitas omnium locorum,—quos quis attigerit ?— tanta rerum singularum populorumque claritas tenet. urbs Roma vel sola in ea . . .! et digna iam tam festa cervice facies, quo tandem narrari debet opere! qualiter Campaniae ora per sc felixque illa ac beata amoenitas, ut palam sit uno in loco gaudentis opus esse naturae! iam vero tanta ea vitalis ac perennis salubritas, talis caeli temperies, tam fertiles campi, tam aprici colles, tam innoxii saltus, tam opaca nemora, tam munifica silvarum genera, tot montium adflatus, tanta frugum vitiumque ct olearum fertilitas, tam nobilia pecudi vellera, tam opima tauris colla, tot lacus, tot amnium fontiumque ubertas totam eam perfundens, tot maria, portus, gremiumque terrarum commercio patens undique et tamquam iuvandos ad mortales ipsa avide in maria procurrens. neque ingenia ritusque ac viros et lingua manuque superatas commemoro gentes. ipsi de ea iudicavere Grai, gcnus in gloriam suam effusissimum, quotam appcllando | Graeciam
! Lacunam Mayhoff.
: ! partem ex ea Magnam!
BOOK III. v. 39-42
more glorious, to unite scattered empires, to make manners gentle, to draw together in converse by community of language the jarring and uncouth tongues of so many nations, to give mankind civilisa- tion, and in a word to become throughout the world the single fatherland of all the races. But what am I to do? The great fame of all its places—who could touch upon them all?—and the great renown of the various things and peoples in it give me pause. In that list even the city of Rome alone,a . . . coun- tenance and one worthy of so glorious a neck, what elaborate description it merits! In what terms to describe the coast of Campania taken by itself, with its blissful and heavenly loveliness, so as to manifest that there is one region where nature has been at work in her joyous mood! And then again all that invigorating healthfulness all the year round, the climate so temperate, the plains so fertile, the hills so sunny, the glades so secure, the groves so shady! Such wealth of various forests, the breezes from so many mountains, the great fertility of its corn and vines and olives, the glorious fleeces of its sheep, the sturdy necks of its bulls, the many lakes, the rich supply of rivers and springs flowing over all its surface, its many seas and harbours and the bosom of its lands offering on all sides a welcome to commerce, the country itself eagerly running out into the seas as it were to aid mankind. I do not speak of the character and customs of its people, its men, the nations that its language and its might have conquered. "The Greeks themselves, a people most prone to gushing self-praise, have pronounced sentence on the land by conferring on but a very small part of it the name of Great Greece! The truth is that in this part of my
33
Rome,
Physical geography and climate of Italy.
43
44
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY nimirum id quod in caeli mentione fecimus hae quoque in parte faciendum est, ut notas quasdam et pauca sidcra attingamus. legentes tantum quaeso memincrint ad singula toto orbe edissertanda festinari.
Est ergo folio maxume querno adsimilata, multo proceritate amplior quam latitudine, in laevam se flectens cacumine et Amazonicae figura desinens parmae, ubi a medio excursu Coeynthos vocatur, per sinus lunatos duo cornua emittens, Leucopetram dextra, Lacinium sinistra. patet longitudine ab Inalpino fine Praetoriae Augustae per urbem Ca- puamque cursu meante Regium oppidum in umero eius situm, a quo veluti cervicis incipit flexus, decies centena et viginti milia passuum, multoque amplior mensura ficret Lacinium usquc, ni talis obliquitas in latus degredi videretur. latitudo eius varia est, quadringentorum decem milium inter duo maria inferum et superum amnesque Varum atque Arsiam, media autem ferme cirea urbem Romam ab ostio Aterni amnis in lladriaticum mare influentis ad Tiberina ostia Cxxxvt, et paulo minus a Castro Novo Hadriatici maris Alsium ad Tuscum aequor, haud ullo in loco cc latitudinem excedens. universae autem arabitus a Varo ad Arsiam [xn NLIX. p. efficit. abest a circumdatis terris Histria ac Liburnia qui- busdam locis centena milia, ab Epiro ct lllvrico quinquaginta, ab Africa minus ducenta, ut auctor est M. Varro, ab Sardinia centum viginti milia, ab
? Shaped like a crescent but with two curves and a pro- jection between them on the inner side.
? "The three projections named are now Punta di Stilo, Capo delle Colonne and Capo dell? Armi.
34
BOOK Ill. v. 42-45 subject also I must do what | did when I spoke about the heavens—touch upon particular points and only a few of the stars. I merely ask my readers to remem- ber that I am hastening on for the purpose of setting forth in detail all the contents of the entire world. In shape, then, Italy much resembles an oak leaf, being far longer than it is broad, bending towards the left at its top and ending in the shape of an Amazon's shield, the projection in the centre being called Cocynthos, while it sends out two horns along bays of crescent shape, Leucopetra on the right and Lacinium on the left. Its length extends for 1020 miles, beginning from Aosta at the foot of the Alps and passing through Rome and Capua in a winding course to the town of Reggio situated on its shoulder, where begins the curve, as it were, of the neck. The measure would be much greater if the line were carried on to Lacinium, but with that bend the line would seem to diverge to one side. The breadth varies, being four hundred and ten miles between the rivers Var and Arsa where they flow into the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, but about at the middle, in the neighbourhood of the city of Rome, from the mouth of the river Peseara, which flows into the Adriatic Sea, to the mouths of the Tiber, its breadth is 136 miles, and a little less from Castrum Novum on the Adriatie Sea to Palo on the Tuscan Sea, in no place exceeding a width of 200 miles. The cireuit of the entire coast from the Var round to the Arsa is 2019 miles. Its distanees from the countries that surround it are as follows: from Istria and Liburnia in certain places 100 miles, from Epirus and Illyricum, 50 miles, from Africa, according to
Marcus Varro, less than 200, from Sardinia 120, fran
35
Geography of Italy.
46
47
48
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Sicilia mp, a Corevra minus Lxxx, ab Issa E. ineedit per maria caeli regione ad meridiem quidem, sed, si quis id diligenti subtilitate exigat, inter sextam horam primamque brumalem.
Nunc ambitum eius urbesque enumerabimus, qua in re praefari necessarium est auctorem nos divum Augustum secuturos, discriptionemque ab co factam Italiae totius in regiones xi, sed ordinc co qui litorum tractu fiet; urbium quidem vicinitates oratione utique praepropera servari non posse, itaque interiore exin parte digestionem in litteras eiusdem nos secuturos, coloniarum mentione signata quas ille in eo prodidit numero. ncc situs originesque persequi facile est Ingaunis Liguribus—ut cctcri omittantur—agro tricies dato.
Igitur ab amne Varo Nicaea a Massiliensibus conditum, fluvius Palo, Alpes populique Inalpini multis nominibus, sed maxime Capillati; oppidum Vediantiorum civitatis Cemenilo, portus Herculis Monoeci, Ligustina ora. Ligurum celeberrimi ultra Alpes Sallui, Deciates, Oxubi, citra Veneni, Turri, Soti, Vagienni, Staticlli, Binbelli, Maielli, Cuburriates, Casmonates, Velleiates et quorum oppida in ora proxime dicemus. flumen Rutuba, oppidum Album Intimilium, flumen Merula, oppidum Album In- gaunum, portus Vadorum Sabatium, flumen Porcifera,
9 Now Lissa, an island in the Adriatic. > About 5.1Z., so the line meant is S.5.E.
BOOK III. v. 45-48
Sicily 14, from Corcyra less than 80, from Issa * 50. It stretches through the seas in a southerly direction, but a more careful and accurate calculation would place it between due south and sunrise ? at midwinter.
We will now give an account of a circuit of Italy, and of its cities. Herein it is necessary to premise that we intend to follow the authority of his late Majesty Augustus, and to adopt the division that he made of the whole of Italy into eleven regions, but to take them in the order that will be suggested by the coast-line, it being indeed impossible, at all events in a very cursory account, to keep the neigh- bouring cities together; and so in going on to deal with the inland districts we shall follow the Emperor's alphabetical arrangement, adopting the enumeration of the colonies that he set out in that list. Nor is it easy to trace their sites and origins, the Ligurian Ingauni, for example—not to mention the other peoples—having received grants of land on thirty occasions.
Thercfore starting from the river Var we have Nice, founded by the people of Marseilles, the river Pag- lione, the Alps and the Alpine tribes with many names, of which the chief is the Long-haired ; Cimiez, the town of the state of the Vediantii, the port of Hercules of Monaco, and the Ligurian coast. Of the Ligurians beyond the Alps the most famous are the Sallui, Deciates and Oxubi; on this side, the Veneni, Turri, Soti, Vagienni, Statielli, Binbelli, Maielli, Cuburriates, Casmonates, Velleiates, and the tribes whose towns on the coast we shall mention next. The river Royas, the town of Ventimiglia, the river Merula, the town of Albenga, the port of Vai or Savona, the river Bisagna, the town of Genoa,
37
Adminisira- tive districts and cities.
Liguria.
49
51
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY oppidum Genua, fluvius Fertor, portus Delphini, Tigulia intus et Segesta Tigulliorum, flumen Macra, Liguriae finis. a tergo autem supra dictorum omnium Appenninus mons Italiae amplissimus perpetuis iugis ab Alpibus tendens ad Siculum fretum. ab altero eius latere ad Padum amnem Italiae ditissimum omnia nobilibus oppidis nitent, Libarna, Dertona colonia, Iria, Vardacate, Industria, Pollentia, Correa ~~ Potentia cognominatur, Foro Fulvi quod Valentinum, Augusta Bagien- norum, Alba Pompeia. Hasta, Aquis Statiellorum. haee regio ex discriptione Augusti nona est. patet ora Liguriae inter amnes Varum et Macram ccxi p. Adnectitur septima. in qua Etruria est ab amne Macra, ipsa mutatis saepe nominibus. Umbros inde exegere antiquitus Pelasgi, hos Lydi, a quorum rege Tyrrcni, mox a sacrifico ritu lingua Graecorum Tusci ! sunt cognominati. primum [truriae oppi- dum Luna, portu nobile, colonia Luca a mari recedens propiorque Pisae inter amnes Auserem et Arnum ortae a Pelopidis sive a Teutanis, Graeca gente, vada Volaterrana, fluvius Caecina, Populonium, Etruscorum quondam hoc tantum in litore. hine amnes Prile, mox Uinbro navigiorum capax, et ab eo tractus Umbriae portusque Telamo, Cosa Volcien- tium a populo Romano deducta, Graviscae, Castrum Novum, Pyrgi, Caerctanus amnis ct ipsum Caere intus m. p. viui Agylla a Pelasgis conditoribus dictum,
1 Thusci edd.
® Ovoaxoo:, from @vew (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. I. 30). > Now the Serchio, a tributary of the Arno.
* Now the village of Vadi.
* Now the Vaccina,
35
BOOK III. v. 48-51
the river l'ertor, Porto Fino, Tigulia inland, Sestri di Levante, and the river Magra, which is the boundary of Liguria. Behind all the above-mentioned lie the Apennines, the largest range of mountains in Italy, extending in an unbroken chain from the Alps to the Straits of Messina. On one side of the range, along the Po, the richest river of Italy, the whole country is stuided with famous and Dine towns Libarna, the colony of Dertona, Iria, Vardacas, Industria, Pollenza, Correa surnamed Potentia, Forum Fulvi or Valenza, Augusta of the Bagienni, Alba Pompeia, Aste, Acqui. Under the partition of Augustus this is the ninth region. The coast of Liguria extends 211 miles between the rivers Var and Magra. The adjoining region is the seventh, in which is Etruria, beginning at the river Magra, a district that has often changed its name. From it in ancient times the Umbri were driven out by the Pelasgi, and these by the Lydians, who after a king of theirs were styled Tyrrheni, but later in the Greek language Tusci? from their ritual of offering sacrifice. The first town in Etruria is Luni, famous for its harbour ; then the colony of Lucca, some way from the sea and nearer to Pisa, bctween the rivers Auser? and Arno, which owes its origin to the Pelopidae or to the Greck tribe of the Teutani; then come the Marshes of Volterra, the river Cecina and Piombino, once the only Etruscan town on the coast. After these is the river Prile, and then the navigable river Ombrone, at which begins the district of Uinbria, the port of Telamone, Cosa of the Volcientes, founded by the Roman people, Graviscae, Castrum Novum, Py rgi, the river? and the town of Caere, seven
miles inland, called Agylla by the Pelasgians who
39
Etruria,
a to
53
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Alsium, Fregenae, Tiberis amnis a Macra CcrLxxxiv p. Intus coloniae Falisca Argis orta (ut auctor est Cato) quae cognominatur Etruscorum, Lucus Feroniae, Rusellana, Seniensis, Sutrina. de cetero Arretini Veteres, Arretini [Fidentiores, Arretini Iulienses, Amitinenses, Aquenses cognomine Taurini, Blerani, Cortonenses, Capenates, Clusini Novi, Clusini Veteres, Florentini praefluenti Arno adpositi, Faesulae, Ferentinum, Fescennia, Hortanum, Herbanum, Ne- peta, Novem Pagi, Praefectura Claudia Foroclodi, Pistorium, Perusia, Suanenses, Saturnini qui antea Aurini vocabantur, Subertani, Statonenses, Tar- quinienses, Tuscanienses, Vetulonienses, Veientani, Vesentini, Volaterrani, Volcentani cognomine Etrusci, Volsinienses. in cadem parte oppidorum veterum nomina retinent agri Crustuminus, Caletranus. Tiberis antea Thybris appellatus et prius Albula e media fere longitudine Appennini finibus Arre- tinorum profluit, tenuis primo nec nisi piscinis corrivatus emissusque navigabilis, sicuti Tinia et Glanis influentes in eum, novenorum ita conceptu dierum, si non adiuvent imbres. sed Tiberis propter aspera et confragosa ne sic quidem praeterquam trabibus verius quam ratibus longe meabilis, fertur per Ci p., non procul Tiferno Perusiaque et Ocriculo,
7
Etruriam ab Umbris ac Sabinis, mox citra xvi p.
?* Now Arezzo, * Cortona. * Chiusi. 4 Florence. * Fiesole. f Volterra.
Bolsena. 40
BOOK III. v. 51-53
founded it, Alsium, Fregenae, and the river Tiber, 281 miles from the Magra. Inland are the colonies of Falisca, founded according to Cato by the Argives and surnamed Falisca of the Etruscans, Lucus l'eroniae, Rusellana, Siena and Sutria. The remain- ing people are the Arretini? Veteres, Arretini Fidentiores, ^ Arretini Julienses, ^ Amitinenses, Aquenses surnamed Taurini, Blerani, Cortonenses,? Capenates, Clusiniv Novi, Clusini Veteres, the Florentini 7^ on the bank of the Arno that flows by, Faesulae,é Ferentinum, Fescennia, Hortanum, Herbanum, Nepi, Nine Villages, the Claudian Prefecture of Foroclodium, Pistorium, Perugia, the Suanenses, the Saturnini formerly called the Aurini, the Subertani, Statonenses, Tarquinienses, Tus- canienses, Vetulonienses, Veientani, Vesentini, Volaterrani,f the Volcentani surnamed Etrusci, and Volsinienses.7 In the same district the territories of Crustumium and Caletra still keep the names of the ancient towns.
The Tiber, the former name of which was Thybris, and before that Albula, rises in about the middle of the Apennine chain in the territory of Arezzo. At first it is a narrow stream, only navigable when its water is dammed by sluices and then discharged, in the same way as its tributaries, the Tinia and the Chiana, the waters of which must be so collected for nine days, unless augmented by showers of rain. But the Tiber, owing to its rugred and uneven channel, is even so not navigable for a long distance, except for rafts, or rather logs of wood; in a course of 150 miles it divides Etruria from the Umbrians and Sabines, passing not far from Tifernum, Perugia and Ocri- culum, and then, less than 16 miles from Rome,
AI
The river Tiber.
54
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
urbis Veientem agrum a Crustumino, dein Fidenatem Latinumque a Vaticano dirimens, sed infra Arretinum Glanim duobus et quadraginta fluviis auctus, praeci- puis autem Nare et Aniene, qui et ipse navigabilis Latium includit a tergo, nee minus tamen aquis ac tot fontibus in urbem perductis, et ideo quam- libet magnarum navium ex Italo mari capax, rerum in toto orbe nascentium mereator placidissimus, pluribus prope solus quam ceteri in omnibus terris amnes accolitur adspiciturque villis. nullique fluvio- rum minus lieet inelusis utrimque lateribus; nec tamen ipse pugnat, quamquam creber ac subitus inerementis et nusquam magis aquis quam in ipsa urbe stagnantibus. quin immo vates intellegitur potius ac monitor, auetu semper religiosus verius quam saevus.
Latium Antiquum a Tiberi Cerecios servatum est
p. L longitudine: tam tenues primordio imperi fuere radiees. colonis saepe mutatis tenuere alii aliis temporibus, Aborigines, Pelasgi, Arcades, Siculi, Aurunei, Rutuli, et ultra Cereeios Volsci, Osci, Ausones, unde nomen Lati proeessit ad Lirim amnem. in principio est Ostia colonia a Romano rege deducta, oppidum Laurentum, lucus lovis Indigetis, amnis Numicius, Ardea a Danae Persei
42
BOOK III. v. 54-56
separates the territory of Veii from that of Crustum- ium, and afterwards that of Fidenae and Latium from Vaticanum. But below the confluence of the Chiana from Arezzo it is augmented by forty-two tributaries, the chief being the Nera and the Severone (which latter is itself navigable, and encloses Latium in the rear), while it is equally inereascd by the aqueducts and the numerous springs carried through to the city; and consequently it is navigable for vessels of whatever size from the Mediterranean, and is a most tranquil trafficker in the produce of all the earth, with perhaps more villas on its banks and overlooking it than all the other rivers in the whole world. And no river is more circumscribed and shut in on either side; yet of itself it offers no resistance, though it is subject to frequent sudden floods, the inundations being nowhere greater than in the city itself. But in truth it is looked upon rather as a prophet of warning, its rise being always construed rather as a call to religion than as a threat of disaster.
Old Latium has preserved the original limits,
extending from the ‘Tiber to Cerceii, a distance of
50 — 4 so exiguous at the beginning were the roots of the Empire. Its inhabitants have often changed: at various times it has been occupied by various peoples—the Aborigines, the Pelasgi, the Arcades, the Siculi, the Aünmel, the Rutuli, and beyond Circello the Volsci, Osci and Ausones, owing to which the name of Latium came to be extended as far as the river Garigliano. To begin with there is Ostia, a colony founded by a Roman king, the town of Laurentum, the grove of Jupiter Indiges, the river Numicius, and Ardea, founded by Danaé the mother
43
La'wunt.
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
57 matre condita. dein quondam Aphrodisium, An-
58
bt
—
tium colonia, Astura flumen et insula, fluvius Nym- phaeus, Clostra Romana, Cercei quondam insula inmenso quidem mari circumdata, ut creditur Ho- mero, et nunc planitie. mirum est quod hac de re tradere hominum notitiae possumus. Theo- phrastus, qui primus externorum aliqua de Romanis diligentius scripsit—nam "Theopompus, ante quein nemo mentionem habuit, urbem dumtaxat a Gallis captam dixit, Clitarchus ab co proximus legationem tantum ad Alexandrum missam—hie iam plus quam ex fama Cerceiorum insulae et mensuram posuit stadia Lxxx in eo volumine quod scripsit Nicodoro Atheniensium magistratu qui fuit urbis nostrae CCCCXL anno. quicquid ergo terrarum est praeter X p. ambitus adnexum insulae post cum annum ac- cessit Italiae. aliud miraculum a Cerceis palus Pomptina est, quem locum xxiv urbium fuissc Mucianus ter consul prodidit. dein flumen Aufen- tum, supra quod Tarracina oppidum lingua Vols- corum Anxur dictum, et ubi fuere Amyclae sive Amynclae a scrpentibus deletae, dein locus Spelun- cae, lacus Fundanus, Caieta portus, oppidum l'ormiae Ilormiae dictum, ut existimavcre, antiqua Laestry- gonum scdes. ultra fuit oppidum Pirac, est colonia Minturnae Liri amne divisa Clani oliin! appellato,
! Mayhoff: Glanico. 4 This was inferred from the identification of the name with Homer’s Circo.
11
BOOK III. v. 56-59
of Perseus. Then comes the site of what was once Aphrodisium, the colony of Antium, the river and island called Astura, the river Ninfa, the Roman Bulwarks, Circello, once an island surrounded by a boundless sea,* if we are to believe Homer, but now surrounded by a plain. The facts that we are able to publish for the information of the world on this matter are remarkable. Theophrastus, the first foreigner to write with special care about the Romans —for Theopompus, before whom nobody mentioned them, merely states that Rome was taken by the Gauls, and Clitarchus, the next after him, only that an embassy was sent to Alexander—Thcophrastus, I say, relying on more than rumour, has actually given the measurement of the island of Circello as 80 furlongs in the volume that he wrote in the archonship of Nicodorus at Athens, which was the 440th year^ of our city. Whatever land therefore has been joined to the island beyond the circum- ference of 10 miles was added to Italy after that year. Another marvel not far from Circello is the Pomptine Marsh, a place which Mucianus, who was three times consul, has reported to be the site of 24 cities. "Then comes the river Aufentum, above which is the town of Tarracina, called Anxur in the dialect of the Volsci, and the site of Amyclac, or Amynclae, the town destroyed by serpents, then the place called the Grottoes, Lake l'undanus, the port of Gaeta, the town of Formiae, called also Hormiae, the ancient abode, it has been thought, of the Laestry- gones. Beyond this formerly stood the town of Pirae, and still exists the colony of Minturnae, through which runs the river Liris, once called Clanis; and
> 314 5.c. 45
60
61
62
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Sinuessa, extremum in Adiecto Latio, quam quidam Sinopen dixere vocitatam.
Hine felix illa Campania est, ab hoe sinu incipiunt vitiferi colles et temulentia nobilis suco per omnis terras ineluto, atque (ut veteres dixere) summum Liberi Patris cum Cerere certamen. hine Setini et Caecubi protenduntur agri; his iunguntur Falerni, Caleni. dein consurgunt Massici, Gaurani Surrentini- que montes. ibi Leborini campi sternuntur et in delicias alieae politur messis. haec litora fontibus calidis rigantur, praeterque cetera in toto mari conchylio et pisce nobili adnotantur. nusquam generosior oleae liquor est,! hoe quoque certamen humanae voluptatis. tenuere Osci, Graeci, Umbri, Tusci, Campani. in ora Savo fluvius, Volturnum oppidumcumamne, Liternum, Cumae Chalcidensium, Misenum, portus Baiarum, Bauli, lacus Luerinus et Avernus, iuxta quem Cimmerium oppidum quondam, dein Puteoli colonia Dicaearchea dicti, postque Phlegraei campi, Acherusia palus Cumis vicina, litore autem Neapolis Chaleidensium et ipsa, Parthe- nope a tumulo Sirenis appellata, Hereulaneum, Pompei haud procul spectato monte Vesuvio, adluente vero Sarno amne, ager Nucerinus et 1x p.
a mari ipsa Nuceria, Surrentum cum promunturio
! Muayhoff : et. 46
BOOK III. v. 59-62
Sinuessa, the last town in the Extension of Latium, and stated by some authorities to have been once styled Sinope.
Then comes the favoured country of Campania; in this valley begin those vine-clad hills with their glorious wine and wassail, famous all the world over, and (as old writers have said) the scene of the severest competition between Father Liber and Ceres. From this point stretch the territories of Sezza and Caecu- bum, with whieh march the Falernian and those of Calvi. Then rise up Monte Massico, Monte Darbaro and the hills of Sorrento. Here spread the plains of Leborium, where the wheat crop is sedulously tended to produce delieious frumity. These shores are watered by hot springs, and are noted beyond all others throughout the whole of the sea for their famous shell and other fish. Nowhere is there nobler
olive oil—another competition to gratify man's pleasure. Its occupants have been Oseans, Greeks,
Umbrians, Tuseans and Campanians. On the eoast are the river Saove, the town of Volturno with the river of the same name, Liternum, the Chaleidian eolony of Cumae, Miseno, the port of Baiae, Bacolo, the Luerine lake, Lake Averno near which formerly stood the town of Cimmerium, then Pozzuoli, formerly called the Colony of Dicaearchus; after whieh come the plains of Salpatara and the Lago di Fusaro near Cumae. On the coast stands Naples, itself also a colony of the Chaleidians, named Parthenope from the tomb of one of the Sirens, Hereulaneum, Pompei with Mount Vesuvius in view not far off and watered by the river Sarno, the Nucerian territory and nine miles from the sea Nocera itself, and Sorrento with the promontory of Minerva that once was the abode
47
Campania,
63
6.
rs
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Minervae Sirenum quondam sede. navigatio a Cerecis 11 de LxXxx patet. regio ea a Tiberi prima Italiae servatur ex diseriptione Augusti.
Intus coloniae Capua ab xz p. campo dieta, Aqui- num, Suessa, Venafrum, Sora, Teanum Sidicinum eognomine, Nola; oppida Abellinum, Aricia, Alba Longa, Acerrani, Allifani, Atinates, Alctrinates, Anagnini, Atellani, Aefulani, Arpinates, Auximates, Abellani, Alfaterni (et qui ex agro Latino item lernico item Labicano cognominantur), Bovillae, Caiatiae, Casinum, Calenum, Capitulum Ilernicum, Cereatini qui Mariani cognominantur, Corani a Dardano Troiano orti, Cubulterini, Castrimoenienses, Cingulani, Fabienses in monte Albano, Foropopulien- ses ex Falerno, Frusinates, l'erentinates, Freginates, Fabraterni Veteres, Fabraterni Novi, Ficolenses, Fregellani, Forum Appi, Forentani, Gabini, Interam- nates Sucasini qui et Lirenates vocantur, IHionenses, Lanivini, Norbani, Nomentani, Praenestini urbe quondam Stephane dieta, Privernates, Setini, Signini, Suessulani, Telesini, Trebulani cognomine Dallienses, ‘Trebani, ‘Tusenlani, Verulani, Veliterni, Ulubrenses, Urbanates, superque Roma ipsa, euius nomen alterum dicere nisi! arcanis eaerimoniarum nefas habetur, optimaque et salutari fide abolitum enun- tiavit Valerius Soranus, luitque mox poenas. non
! nisi add. Mommsen coll. C.4.L. 48
BOOK III. v. 62-65
of the Sirens. From this place the distance by sea from Cerceii is 78 miles. This region, beginning from the Tiber, under the partition made by Augustus is regarded as the first region of Italy.
Inland are the following colonies: Capua, so named from its forty miles of plain (campus), Aquino, Suessa, Venafro, Sora, Teano surnamed Sidicinum, and Nola ; and the towns of Abellinum, Aricia, Alba Longa, the Acerrani, the Allifani, the Atinates, the Aletrinates, the Anagnini, the Atellani, the Aefulani, the Arpi- nates, the Auximates, the Abellani, the Alfaterni (both those that take their surname from the Latin territory, and from the Hernican, and from the Labican), Bovillae, Caiatiae, Casinum, Calenum, Capitulum of the Hernici, the Cereatini who have the surname of Mariani, the Corani descended from the ‘Trojan Dardanus, the Cubulterini, the Castrimoenien- ses, the Cingulani, the lF'abienses on Mount Albanus, the Foropopulienses from the Falernian district, the Frusinates, the Ferentinates, the Freginates, the Old Fabraterni, the New Fabraterni, the Ficolenses, the Fregellani, Forum Appi, the Vorentani, the Gabini, the Interamnates Sucasini, also called the Lirenates, the Ilionenses, the Lanivini, the Norbani, the Nomentani, the Praenestini with their city once ealled Stephane, the Privernates, the Setini, the Signini, the Suessulani, the Telesini, the Trebulani surnained Ballienses, the Trebani, the Tusculani, the Verulani, the Veliterni, the Ulubrenses, the Urban- ates; and besides all these Rome itself, whose other name it is held to be a sin to utter except at the ceremonies of the mysteries, and when Valerius Soranus divulged the secret religiously kept for the weal of the state, he soon paid the penalty. It seems
49
66
[e] -1
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
alienum videtur inserere hoc loco exemplum religionis antiquae ob hoc maxime silentium institutae: nam- que diva Angerona, cui sacrificatur a. d. x11 kal. Ian., ore obligato obsignatoque simulacrum habet.
Urbem 11 portas habentem Romulus reliquit, ut plurimas tradentibus credamus, iv. collegere ambitu imperatoribus censoribusque Ves- pasianis anno conditae pcccxxvi m. p. xircc, con- plexa montes septem. ipsa dividitur in regiones quattuordecim, compita Larum ccixv. ciusdem spatium mensura currente a miliario in capite Romani fori statuto ad singulas portas, quae sunt hodie numero xxxvii ita ut Duodecim semel nume- rentur practereanturque ex veteribus vir quae esse desicrunt, efficit passuum per directum xx.M.pccrxv. ad extrema vero tectorum cum castris practoriis ab eodem miliario per vicos omnium viarum mensura colligit paulo amplius rx p. ; quod si quis altitudinem tectorum addat, dignam profecto aestimationem con- cipiat, fatcaturque nullius urbis magnitudinem in toto orbe potuisse ei comparari. clauditur ab oriente aggere Tarquini Superbi inter prima opere mirabili ; namque cum muris acquavit qua maxime patebat aditu plano. cctero munita erat praecclsis muris
mInoenia eius
2 [.e, Vespasian and Titus, who was saluted Emperor after the siege of Jerusalem, and was associated with his father in the government, and shared the duties of the censorship.
5 A.D. 73.
* Chapels of the Lares Compitales stood at places where two or more streets crossed.
4 These were double gates.
56
BOOK III. v. 65-67
pertinent to add at this point an instance of old religion established especially to inculcate this silence: the goddess Angerona, to whom sacrifice is offered on December 21, is represented in her statue with a sealed bandage over her mouth.
Romulus left Rome possessing three or, to accept the statement of the authorities putting the number highest, four gates. The area surrounded by its walls at the time of the principate and censorship of the Vespasians,? in the 826th ycar* of its foundation, measured 13 miles and 200 yards in circumference, embracing seven hills. 1t is itself divided into fourteen regions, with 265 crossways with their guardian Lares. If a straight line is drawn from the milestone standing at the head of the Roman Forum to each of the gates, which to-day number thirty-seven (provided that the Twelve Gates4 be counted only as one each and the seven of the old gates that exist no longer be omitted), the result is a total of 20 miles 765 yards in a straight line. But the total length of all the ways through the distriets from the same milestone to the extreme edge of the buildings, taking in the Praetorians' Camp, amounts to a little more than 60 miles. If one were further to take into account the height of the buildings, a very fair estimate would be formed, that would bring us to admit that there has been no city in the whole world that could be compared to Home in magnitude. On the east it is bounded by the Dyke of Tarquinius Superbus, a work among the leading wonders of the world, for he made it as high as the walls where the approach was flat and the city lay most open to attack. In other directions it had the protection of lofty walls or else of precipi-
51
Topography of Kome.
68
69
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
aut abruptis montibus, nisi quod exspatiantia tecta multas addidere urbes.
In prima regione praeterea fuere in Latio clara oppida Satricum, Pometia, Scaptia, Politorium, Tellena, Tifata, Caenina, Ficana, Crustumerium, Ameriola, Medullum, Corniculum, Saturnia ubi nunc Roma est, Antipolis quod nunc Ianiculum in parte Romae, Antemnae, Camerium, Collatia, Ami- tinum, Norbe, Sulmo; et cum iis carnem in monte Albano soliti accipere populi Albenses, Albani, Aesolani, Accienses, Abolani, Bubetani, Bolani, Cusuetani, Coriolani, Fidenates, Foreti, Hortenses, Latinienses, Longulani, Manates, Macrales, Mu- nienses, Numinienses, Olliculani, Octulani, Pedani, Polluscini, Querquetulani, Sicani, Sisolenses, Toleri- enses, Tutienses, Vimitellari, Velienses, Venetulani, Vitellenses. ita ex antiquo Latio Litt populi interiere sine vestigiis.
In Campano autem agro Stabiae oppidum fuere usque ad Cn. Pompeium L. Catonem coss. pr. kal. Mai., quo die L. Sulla legatus bello sociali id delevit quod nunc in villam abiit. intercidit ibi et Taurania ; sunt morientes Casilini reliquiae. praeterea auctor est Antias oppidum Latinorum Apiolas captum a L. Tarquinio rege, ex cuius praeda Capitolium is inchoaverit. a Surrentino ad Silerum amnem xxx m. p. ager Picentinus fuit Tuscorum, templo Iunonis
* The reference is to Tibur, Arieia and other places absorbed in the spreading suburbs.
> [.e. to share in sacrifices.
* An old town between Pompei and Sorrento.
4 89 B.C.
52
BOOK III. v. 67-70
tous hills, except for the fact that the increasing spread of buildings has added a number of cities to it.4
The first region formerly included the following celebrated towns of Latium besides those inentioned : Satricum, Pometia, Scaptia, Politorium, Tellena, Tifata, Caenina, Fieana, Crustumcrium, Ameriola, Medullum, Corniculum, Saturnia on the site of the present Rome, Antipolis, which to-day is Janiculum and a part of Rome, Antemnae, Camerium, Collatia, Amitinum, Norbe, Sulmo; and together with these the Alban peoples who were aceustomed to ‘ reccive flesh '* on the Alban Hill, namely the Albani, Aesolani, Accienses, Abolani, Bubetani, Bolani, Cusuetani, Coriolani, Fidenates, Foreti, Hortenses, Latinienses, Longulani, Manates, Maerales, Muni- enses, Numinienses, Olliculani, Oetulani, Pedani, Polluseini, Querquetulani, Sicani, Sisolenses, Toleri- enses, Tutienses, Vimitellari, Velienses, Venetulani, Vitellenses. Thus 53 peoples of Old Latium have perished without leaving a trace.
In the Campanian territory the town of Stabiae* existed right down to April 29 in the consulship? of Gnaeus Pompeius and Lucius Cato, when Lieu- tenant-General Lucius Sulla in the Allies’ War destroyed the place that has now been reduced to a farmhouse. Here also was Taurania, which has now perished; and the remains of Casilinum are in process of disappearance. Furthermore, Antias records that the Latin town of Apiolae was captured by King Lucius Tarquinius, who used the spoils of it to begin building the Capitol. The 30 miles of Pieentine territory between the district of Sorrento and the river Silaro belonged to the Etruscans; it
VOL. II, Cc 53
Latium.
Campania.
71
73
74
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Argivae ab [asone condito insignis. intus oppidum Salerni, Picentia.
A Silero regio tertia et ager Lucanus Bruttiusque ineipit, nec ibi rara incolarum mutatione. tenuerunt eum Pelasgi, Oenotri, Itali, Morgetes, Siculi, Grae- ciae maxime populi, novissime Lueani a Samnitibus orti duee Lucio. oppidum Paestum Graecis Posi- donia appellatum, sinus Paestanus, oppidum Elea quae nunc Velia, promunturium Palinurum, a quo sinu recedente traieetus ad Columnam Regiam c m. p.; proximum autem flumen Melpes, oppidum Buxentum Graeciae Pyxus, Laus amnis—fuit et oppidum eodem nomine. ab eo Bruttium litus, oppidum Blanda, flumen Baletum, portus Parthenius Phoeensium, sinus Vibonensis, locus Clampetiae, oppidum Tempsa a Graecis Temese dietum et Crotoniensium Terina sinusque ingens Terinaeus. oppidum Consentia intus. in peninsula fluvius Acheron, a quo oppidani Acherontini; Hippo, quod nunc Vibonem Valentiam appellamus; portus Her- culis, Metaurus amnis, Tauroentum oppidum, portus Orestis et Medma; oppidum Scyllaeum, Cratacis fluvius, mater (ut dixere) Seyllae; dein Columna Regia, Siculum fretum ae duo adversa promunturia, ex Italia Caenus, e Sicilia Pelorum, x1 stadiorum intervallo; unde Rhegium xci. Inde Appennini
* The modern Reggio, see $ 86 note. > Now the Arconte.
* Perhaps Punta del Pezzo.
* Capo di Faro.
BOOK III. v. 70-74
was famous for the temple of Argive Juno founded by Jason. Furtherinland was Picentia, a town of Salerno.
At the Silaro begins the third region, the Lucanian pie toeof
and Bruttian territory ; ; in this too there have been frequent changes of population. It has been occupied by Pelasgi, Oenotri, Itali, Morgetes, Siculi, and mostly by peoples of Greece, and most recently by the Lucani, Samnite in origin, whose leader was Lucius. The town of Paestum (called Posidonia by the Greeks), the bay of Paestum, the town of Elea, now Velia, Cape Palinuro, from which across the bay that here stretches inland the distance to the Royal Pillar? is 100 miles. Next is the river Melpes, the town of Buxentum (the Greek name of which is Pyxus) and the river Laus— there was once a town also of the same name. Here begins the coast of the Bruttii, with the townof Blanda, the river Baletum, the port of Parthenius, founded by the Phocians, the Bay of Vibo, the site of Clam- petia, the town of Tempsa (the Greek name of which is Temese), and Terina, founded by the people of Croton, and the extensive Bay of Terina; and inland the town of Cosenza. On a peninsula is the river Acheron? which gives its name to the township of the Acherontians; Hippo, which we now call Vibo Valentia; the Port of Hercules, the river Metaurus, the town of Tauroentum, the Port of Orestes, and Medma; the town of Scyllaeum and the river Crataeis, known in legend as the Mother of Seylla; then the Royal Pillar, the Straits of Messina and the two opposing headlands, Caenus* on the Italian and Pelorum 4 on the Sicilian side, the distance between them being J} miles; Reggio is 114 miles away. Next comes the Apennine forest
55
76
77
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
silva Sila, promunturium Leucopetra xv p. ab ea, ti Locri, cognominati a promunturio Zephyrio; absunt a Silaro cccii. et includitur Europae sinus primus.
In co maria nuncupantur: unde inrumpit, Atlan- ticum, ab aliis Magnum; qua intrat, Porthmos a Graccis, a nobis Gaditanum fretum ; cum intravit, Hispanum quatenus Hispanias adluit, ab aliis Hiberi- cum aut Baliaricum ; mox Gallicum ante Narbonensem provinciam, hine Ligusticum; ab eo ad Siciliam insulam Tuscum, quod ex Graecis alii Notium alii Tyrrenum, e nostris plurumi Inferum vocant. ultra Siciliam quod est ad Sallentinos Ausonium Polybius appellat, Eratosthenes autem inter ostium oceani ct Sardiniam quicquid est Sardoum, inde ad Siciliam Tyrrenum, ab hae Cretam usque Siculum, ab ea Creticum.
Insulae per haee maria primae omnium Pityussae Graecis dictae a frutice pineo, nune Ebusus vocatur utraque, civitate foederata, angusto freto inter- fluente. patent xiv, absunt ab Dianio pcc stadia, totidem Dianium per continentem a Carthagine nova, tantundem a Pityussis in altum Baliares Colubraria. Daliares
duae et Sucronem versus
? Seo $ 5 fin. > ]Hrves. * ]viza ; the modern name of the smaller island is Formentera.
56
BOOK III. v. 74-77
of Sila, and the promontory of Leucopetra 15 miles from it, and Epizephyrian Locri (called after the promontory of Zephyrium) 51 miles; it is 303 miles from the river Silaro. And this rounds off the first gulf? of Europe.
The names of the seas that it contains are as follows: that from which it makes its entrance is the Atlantic, or as others call it, the Great Sea; the strait by which it enters is called by the Grecks Porthmos and by us the Straits of Cadiz; after it has entered, as far as it washes the coast of the Spains it is called the Spanish Sea, or by others the Iberian or the Balearic Sea; then the Gallic Sea as far as the Province of Narbonne, and afterwards the Ligurian Sea; from that point to the Island of Sicily the Tuscan Sea, which some of the Greeks call the Southern Sea and others the Tyrrhenian, but most of our own people the Lower Sea. Beyond Sicily, as far as the south-eastern point of Italy Polybius calls it the Ausonian Sea, but Eratosthenes calls all the part between the ocean inlet and Sardinia the Sardoan Sea, from Sardinia to Sicily the Tyrrhenian, from Sicily to Crete the Sicilian, aud beyond Crete the Cretan.
The first of all the islands scattered over these seas are called with the Greeks the Pityussae, from the pinetrees® that grow on them; each of these islands is now named Ebusus, and in treaty with Rome, the channel between them being narrow. Their area is 46 miles, and their distance from Denia 871 miles, which is the distance by land from Denia to New Carthage, while at the same distance from the Pityussae out to sea are the two Balearic islands, and opposite the River Xucar lies Colubraria. The
27
Divisions of Lhe Western Mediter- rüncan,
Sizty-four islands, including
the Balearics,
80
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
funda bellicosas Graeci Gymnasias dixere. maior € p. est longitudine, circuitu vero ccccrxxv m.; oppida habet eivium Romanorum Palmam et Pollentiam, Latina Cinium et Tucim, et foederatum Bocchorum fuit. ab ea xxx distat minor, longitudine XL, eircuitu CL; civitates habet Iamonem, Saniseram, Magonem. a maiore xii in altum abest Capraria insidiosa naufragiis, et c regione Palmae urbis Menariae ac Tiquadra et parva Hannibalis.
Ebusi terra serpentes fugat, Colubrariae parit, ideo infesta omnibus nisi Ebusitanam terram in- ferentibus ; Graeci Ophiussam dixere. Ebusus gignit populantis Baliarium messes. sunt
aliae viginti ferme parvae mari vadoso, Galliae
nec cunieolos
autem ora in Rhodani ostio Metina. mox quae Blascorum vocatur, et tres Stoechades a vicinis Massiliensibus dictae propter ordinem quo sitae sunt. nomina singulis Prote, Mese quae et Pom- poniana vocatur, tertia IÍypaca; ab his Iturium, Phoenice, Phila, Lero et Lerina adversum Antipolim, in qua Berconi oppidi memoria.
VI. In. Ligustico mari est Corsica quam Graeci
Cyrnon appellavere, sed Tusco propior, a septen-
? Their slingers served as mercenaries under the Carthag- inians, and later for Rome.
> The Iles d'H yéres.
* Sainte Marguerite de Lérins.
4 Saint Honorat de Lérins.
58
BOOK III. v. 77-vi. 8o
Balearic islands, formidable in warfare with the sling^ have been designated by the Greeks the Gymnasiae. The larger island, Majorca, is 100 miles in length and 475 in circumference. It contains towns of Roman citizen colonists, Palma and Pollenza, towns with Latin rights, Sineu and Tucis; a treaty town of the Bocchi, no longer existing. "Ile smaller island, Minorea, is 30 miles away from Majorca; its length is 40 miles and its circumference 150; it contains the states of Iamo, Sanisera and Port Mahon. Twelve miles out to sea from Majorca is Cabrera, treacherous for shipwrecks, and right off the city of Palma lie the Malgrates and Dragonera and the small island of El Torre.
The soil of Iviza drives away snakes, but that of Colubraria breeds snakes, and consequently that island is dangerous to all people except those who bring earth from Iviza; the Greeks called it Snake Island. Iviza does not breed rabbits either, which ravage the crops of the Balearics. The sea is full of shoals, and there are about twenty other small islands; off the coast of Gail at the mouth of the Rhone is Metina, and then tlie island named Brescon, and the three? which the neighbouring people of Marseilles call the Row of Islands because of their arrangement, their Greek names being l'irst Island, Middle Island, also called Pomponiana, and the third IIypaea; next to these are Iturium, Phoeniea, Lero, and opposite Antibes Loerina,? on which according to local tradition there was once a town called Berconum.
VI. In the Ligurian Sea, but adjoining the Tuscan, is the island of Corsica, the Greek name of which is Cyrnos; it lies in a line from north to south, and is
59
Corsica and
other islands,
81
83
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
trione in meridiem proiecta, longa passuum Gt, lata maiore ex parte L, circuitu cccxxv; abest a Vadis Volaterranis Exit. civitates habet xxxn et colonias Marianam a C. Mario deductam, Aleriam a dictatore Sulla. eitra est Oglasa, intra vero, et ix p. a Corsiea, Planasia a specie dicta, aequalis freto ideoque navigiis fallax. amplior Urgo et Capraria, quam Graeci Aegilion dixere, item Igilium et Dianium quam Artemisiam, ambae contra Cosanum litus, et Barpana, Mcnaria, Columbaria, Venaria, Ilva cum ferri metallis, circuitus c, a Populonio X, a Graecis Aethalia dicta; ab ea Planasia xxvi. ab his ultra Tiberina ostia in Antiano Astura, mox Palmaria, Sinonia, adversum Formias Pontiae. in Puteolano autem sinu Pandateria, Prochyta, non ab Aeneae nutrice sed quia profusa ab Aenaria erat, Aenaria a statione navium Aeneae, Homero Inarime dieta, Pithecusa, non a simiarum multitudine (ut aliqui existimavere) sed a figlinis doliorum. inter Pausily- pum et Neapolim Megaris, mox a Surrento viii distantes "Tiberi principis arce nobiles Capreae circuitu x1 m., Leucothea, extraque conspectum, pelagus Africum attingens, Sardinia minus vin p. a Corsicae extremis, etiamnum angustias eas artanti- bus insulis parvis quae Cunieulariae appellantur
? The distance is really about 90 miles.
* In Etruria, now Torre di Vada.
* Now Ventotienc.
3 Jl. II. 783, where however tue more probable reading is civ "Api oig—Arima is said to be a volcanie region in Cilicia or elsewhere, Virgil like Pliny, read Etvapigo«c, as he calls the island Inarime, Aen. IX. 716; it is the modern Ischia. zÜnxot.
4 mios, weBaxrn, a Jar. Now Castel del Ovo.
60
BOOK III. vr. 80-83
150 miles long and at most points 50 miles broad: its circumference measures 325 miles; it is 624 miles from the Shallows of Volterra.2 It contains 32 states, and the colonies of Mariana founded by Gaius Marius and Aleria founded by Sulla when Dictator. Nearer the mainland is Oglasa, and inside that, and 60 miles from Corsica, Pianosa, so named from its appearance, as it is level with the sea and consequently treacherous to vessels. Then La Gorgona, a larger island, and Capraia, the Greek name of which is Aegilion, and also Giglio and Gianuto, in Greek Artemisia, both opposite the coast at Cosa, and Barpana, Menaria, Columbaria, Venaria, Elba with its iron mines, an island 100 miles round and 10 miles from Populonium, called by the Greeks Aethalia; the distance between Elba and Pianosa is 28 miles. After these beyond the mouths of the Tiber and off the coast of Antium is Astura, then Palmarola, Senone, and opposite to Formiae Ponza. In the gulf of Pozzuoli are Pandateria,; Prochyta (so called not after Aeneas's nurse but because it was formed of soil deposited by the current from Aenaria), Aenaria (named from having given anchorage to the fleet of Aeneas but called Inarime in Homer ^) and Pithecusa (named not from its multitude of monkeys, as some people have supposed, but from its pottery / factories). Between Posilippo and Naples is Megaris?; then, 8 miles from Sorrento, Capri, celebrated for the Emperor Tiberius’s castle—the island is 11 miles round; Leucothea; and out of sight, being on the edge of the African Sea, Sardinia, which is less than 8 miles from the end of Corsiea, and moreover the channel is narrowed by the small islands called the Rabbit Warrens, and also
61
84
86
5 Suleensi Enosim, a Caralitano Ficariam.
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
itemque Phintonis et Fossae, a quibus fretum ipsum Taphros nominatur.
VII. Sardinia ab oriente patens CLXXXVTii p., ab occidente CLXXv, a meridie rxxvii, a septentrione CXXV, circuitu DLXV, abest ab Africa Caralitano pro- munturio cc, a Gadibus xiv. habet et a Gorditano promunturio duas insulas quae vocantur Herculis, a quidam haut procul ab ea et Berelida ponunt et Callodem et quam vocant Heras Lutra. celeberrimi in ea populorum Ilienses, Balari, Corsi oppidorum xvi, Sulcitani, Valentini, Neapolitani, Vitenses, Caralitani civium R., et Norenses, colonia autem una quac vocatur Ad Turrem Libisonis. Sardiniam ipsam Timacus Sandaliotim appellavit ab effigie soleae, Myrsilus Ichnusam a similitudine vestigi. contra Paestanum sinum Leueasia est a Sirene ibi sepulta appellata, contra Vcliam Pontia et Isacia, utraeque uno nomine Oenotrides, argumentum possessae ab Oenotris Italiae, contra Vibonem parvae quae vocantur Ithacesiae ab Ulixis specula.
VIII. Verum ante omnes elaritate Sicilia, Sicania a Thucydide dicta, Trinacria a pluribus aut Trinacia a triangula specie, circuitu patens, ut auctor est
* Perhaps Isola Rossa. * The Straits of Bonifa^cio, Fretum Gallicum. * One of these islands now has the name of Torricella.
62
BOOK III. vr. 83-vini. 86
by the islands of Caprera, and l'ossa;? from which comes the Greek name of the Straits ? themselves, Taphros.
VII. The east coast of Sardinia is 188 miles long, the west coast 175, the south coast 77 and the north eoast 125; its circumference is 565 miles; and at Cape Carbonara its distance from Africa is 200 miles and from Cadiz 1400. It also has two islands off Capo Falcone called the Islands of Hercules, one off La Punta dell'Alga called Santo Antiocho, and one off Cape Carbonara called Coltelalzo. Near it some authorities also place the island sof Berelis, Callodes and the one called the Baths of Hera. The best-known peoples in Sardinia are the Ilienses, Balari, Corsi (who occupy 18 towns), Sulcitani, Valentini, Neapolitani, Vitenses, Caralitani (who have the Roman citizenship), and the Norenses; and one colony called At Libiso's Tower. Sardinia itself was called by Timaeus Sandaliotis, from the similarity of its shape to the sole of a shoe, and by Myrsilus Ichnusa, from its resemblance to a footprint. Opposite to the Bay of Paestum is La Licosa, called after the Siren buried there; and opposite Velia are Pontia and Isacia, both included under the one name of tlie Oenotrides, which is evidence that Italy was once in the possession of the Oenotri; and opposite to Vibo are the small islands called the Isles of Ithaca, from the watch-tower ^ of Ulysses that stands there.
VIII. But before all the islands of the Mediter- ranean in renown stands Sicily, called by 'Thucydides Sicania and by a good many authors "Trinacria or Trinacia from its triangular shape. ‘The measure- ment of its cireumferenee, aceording to Agrippa, is
63
Sardinia.
Sicily: physical geography;
8
-1
89
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Agrippa, pxxviii p., quondam Bruttio agro cohaerens, mox interfuso mari avulsa xv in longitudinem freto, in latitudinem autem mp p. iuxta Columnam Regiam: ab hoc dehiscendi argumento Rhegium Graeci nomen dedere oppido in margine Italiae sito. in eo freto est seopulus Seylla, item Charybdis mare verticosum, ambo clara saevitia. ipsius triquetrae, ut diximus, promunturium Pelorum vocatur adversus Scyllam vergens in Italiam, Pachynum in Graeciam, CCCCXL ab eo distante Peloponneso, Lilybaeum in Africam cCrExxx intervallo a Mercuri promunturio ct a Caralitano Sardiniae cxc m. inter sc autem haec promunturia ac latera distant his spatiis: terreno itinere a Peloro Pachynum Crxxxvi, inde Lilybaeum cc, inde Pelorum cxrit.
Coloniae ibi v, urbes ac civitates Lx. a Peloro mare Ionium ora spectante oppidum Messana civium R. qui Mamertini vocantur, promunturium Dre- panum, colonia Tauromeninm quae antca Naxos, flumen Asines, mons Actna nocturnis mirus incendiis : erater cius patet ambitu stadia viginti, favilla ‘Tauro- menium ct Catinam usque pervenit fervens, fragor vero ad Maroneum ct Gemellos colles. scopuli tres Cyclopum, portus Ulixis, colonia Catina, flumina Symacthum, Terias. intus Laestrygoni eampi. op-
* Now Recgio; to the Greek car it suggests ‘ Breach’ as if from pyyvuja.
> § 73. ¢ Now Capo di Passaro,
4 Now Cape Bon, really only 78 miles from the Capo di Boco Marsala in Sicily.
64
BOOK III. vri. 86-39
528 miles. In former times it was attached to the southern part of Italy, but later it was separated from it by an overflow of the sea, forming a strait 15 miles long and 14 miles wide at the Royal Pillar: this monument of the formation of the gap is the origin of the Greek name of the town situated on the Italian coast, Rhegium.? In these Straits is the rock of Scylla and also the whirlpool of Charybdis, both notoriously treacherous. Sicily itself is triangular in shape, its points being the promontory mentioned before? named Pelorum, pointing towards Italy, opposite Scylla, Pachynum* towards Greece, the Morea being 440 miles away, and Lilybaeum towards Africa, at a distance of 180 miles from the Promontory of Mercury? and 190 from Cape Carbonara in Sardinia. The following are the distances of these promontories from one another and the length of the coast lines: from Pelorum to Paehynum by land is 186 miles, from Pachynum to Lilybaeum 200 miles, and from Lilybaeum to Pelorum 142 miles.
Sicily contains five colonies and sixty-three cities andstates. Starting from Pelorum, on the coast facing the Ionian Sea is the town of Messina, whose denizens called Mamertines have the Roman citizenship, the promontory of Trapani, the colony of Taormina, formerly Naxos, the river Alcantara, and Mount Etna with its wonderful displays of fire at night: the circuit of its crater measures 2l miles; the hot ashes reach as far as laormina and Catania, and the noise to Madonia and Monte di Mele. Then come the three Rocks of the Cyclopes, the Harbour of Ulysses, the colony of Catania, and the rivers Symaethum and Terias. Inland are the
65
circuit of coast;
90
91
92
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
pida Leontini, Megaris, amnis Pantacyes, colonia Syracusae cum fonte Arethusa (quamquam et Temenitis et Archidemia et Magea et Cyane et Milichie fontes in Syracusano potantur agro), portus Naustathmus, flumen Elorum, promunturium Paehy- num, a qua fronte Siciliae flumen Hyrminum, oppidum Camarina; fluvius Gelas, oppidum <Acragas quod Agrigentum nostri dixere ; Thermac colonia; amnes Achates, Mazara, Hypsa, Selinuus; oppidum Lily- bacum, ab eo promunturium; Drepana, mons Lryx, oppida Panhormum, Soluus, Himera cum fluvio, Cephaloedis, Aluntium, Agathyrnum, Tyndaris co- lonia, oppidum M ylae et unde coepimus Petorias.
Intus autem Latinae condicionis Centuripini, Netini, Segestani, stipendiarii Assorini, Actnenses, Agyrini, Acestaei, Acrenses, Bidini, Cetarini, Dre- panitani, Ergetini, Echetlienses, Erycini, Entellini, Enini, Egguini, Gelani, Galateni, Halesini, Hennen- ses, Hyblenses, Herbitenses, IH erbessenses, Herbulen- ses, Halicuenses, Hadranitani, Imacarenses, Ipanen- ses, letenses, Mutustratini, Magellini, Murgentini, Mutycenses, Menanini, Naxi, Noini, Petrini, Paro- pini, Phintienses, Semelitani, Scherini, Selinunti, Symaethii, Talarenses, Tissinenses, Triocalini, Tyra- cinenses, Zanclaei Messeniorum in Siculo freto sunt.
Insulae ad Africam versae Gaulos, Melita a Camerina rxxxvri. a Lilybaeo cxi, Cossyra. Hieron- nesos, Caene, Galata, Lepadusa, Aethusa quam alii
* Now Girgenti.
‘ Hot springs,’ now Terinini.
Now San Juliano.
The identification is uncertain, but Tauromenium was said to be a colony from Naxos.
66
E o t
BOOK III. vit. 89-92
Laestrygonian Plains. Then there are the towns of Lentini, Megaris, the river Porcaro, the colony of Syracuse with the Spring of Arethusa (although the territory of Syracuse is also supplied with water by the springs of Temenitis, Archidemia, Magea, Cy ane and Milichie), the harbour of Naustathmus, the river Elorum, the promontory of Pachynum. On this side of Sicily are the river Hyrminus, the town of Camarina, the river Gelas; the town of Acragas, called Agrigentum? in our language; the colony of Thermae;? the rivers prm Mazara, Hypsa and Selinus; the town of Lilybaeum and the promontory to which it gives its name; Trapani, Mount Eryx, the towns of Palermo, Solunto, Himera with its river, Cephaloedis, Aluntium, Agathyrnum; the colony of Tindari, the town of Melazzo, and the district of Pelorum from which we began.
In the interior the towns having Latin rights are those of the Centuripini, Netini and Segestani; tributaries are Asaro, Nicolosi, Argiro, the Acestaei, the Acrenses, the Bidini, the peoples of Cassaro, Trapani, Ergetium, Orchula, Eryx, Entella, Castro Giovanni, Gangi, Gela, Galata, Tisa, Hermae, Hybla, Nicosia, Pantalica, Horhitenses, Saloni, Aderno, Imacara, Ipana, Jato, Mistretta, Magella, Mandri, Modica, Mineo, Taormina? Noara, Petra, Colisano, Alicata, Semelita, Scheria, Selinunte, Symaethus, Talaria, Randazza, Troccoli, Tyraeinum and Zancle, a Messenian settlement on the Straits of Sicily.
The islands on the side towards Africa are Gozo, Malta (whieh is 87 miles from Camerina and 113 from Lilybaeum), Pantellaria, Maretino, Limosa, Calata, Lampedosa, Aethusa (written by others
67
interior ;
adjacent islands
93
94
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Acgusam scripserunt, Bucion et a Solunte rxxv Osteodes, eontraque Paropinos Ustiea. citra vero Siciliam ex adverso Metauri amnis xxv ferme p. ab Italia septem Aeoliae appellatae, eaedem Liparaeo- rum, Hephaestiades a Graecis, a nostris Volcaniae, Acoliae, quod Aeolus Iliaeis temporibus ibi regnavit.
IX. Lipara cum civium Romanorum oppido, dicta a Liparo rege qui successit Aeolo, antea Milogonis vel Meligunis vocitata, abest Xxv ab Italia, ipsa circuitu paulo minor v m. inter hane et Siciliam altera, antea 'lherasia appellata, nunc Hiera quia sacra Volcano est colle in ea nocturnas evomente tertia. Strongyle a Lipara vi! p. ad exortum solis vergens, in qua regnavit Acolus, quae a Lipara liquidiore tantum flamma differt; a cuius
flammas.
fumo quinam flaturi sint venti in triduum praedicere incolae traduntur, unde ventos Aeolo paruisse existi- Didyme
quinta Eriphusa,sexta Phoenicusa pabulo proximarum
matum. quarta minor quam Lipara;
relictae; novissima eademque minima Luonymos. hactenus de primo Europae sinu.
X. A Loeris Italiae frons incipit Magna Graecia appellata, in tris sinus recedens Ausonii maris, patet Lxxxvr, ut in ea ora
quoniam Ausones tenuere primi. auctor est Varro; plerique Lxxv fecere.
! vi add. Detlefsen.
? [ts modern name is Volcano.
68
BOOK III. viu. 92-x. 95
Aegusa), Levanzo, Alieus (75 miles from Solunto), and Ustiea opposite to Paropus. On the Italian side of Sicily facing the river Metaurus, at a distance of nearly 25 miles from Italy, are the seven islands called the Aeolian and also the Liparean: their Greek name is the Hephaestiades, and the Roman Vulcan's Islands; they are called Aeolian from King Aeolus who reigned there in the Homeric period.
IX. Lipari, with a town possessing rights of Roman eitizenship, takes its name from King Liparus, who succeeded Acolus—it was previously called Milo- gonis or Meligunis; it is 25 miles from Italy, and its eircumference measures a little less than 5 miles. Between it and Sieily is another island formerly ealled Therasia, and now Holy Island *^ because it is sacred to Vulcan, on it being a hill that vomits out flames in the night. The third island is Stromboli, six miles to the east of Lipari; here Aeolus reigned. It differs from Lipari only in the fact that its flame is more liquid; the local population are reported to be able to foretell from its smoke three days ahead what winds are going to blow, and this is the source of the belief that the winds obeyed the orders of Aeolus. The fourth of the islands, Didyme, is smaller than Lipari. The fifth, Kriphusa, and the sixth, Phoenicusa, are left to provide pasture for the flocks of the neighbouring islands; the last and also the smallest is Euonymus. So far as to the first gulf of Europe.
X. At Locri begins the projeetion of Italy called Magna Graecia, retiring into the three bays of the Ausonian Sea, so ealled from its first inhabitants the Ausones. According to Varro its length is 86 miles, but most authorities have made it 75. On this
69
volcanoes,
Magna Craecta.
96
93
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
flumina innumera, sed memoratu digna a Locris Sagra et vestigia oppidi Caulonis, Mustiae, Consi- linum eastrum, Cocynthum quod esse longissimum Italiae promunturium aliqui existumant, dein sinus et urbs Scolagium, Sevlletium Atheniensibus cum conderent dictum; quem locum occurrens Tcrinaeus sinus peninsulam efficit, et in ea portus qui vocatur Castra Hannibalis, nusquam angustiore Italia: xx p. latitudo est. itaque Dionysius maior intercisam eo loco adicere Siciliae voluit. amnes ibi navigabiles Carcinus, Crotalus, Semirus, Arogas, Thagines, oppidum intus Petilia, mons Clibanus, promuntu- rium Lacinium, cuius ante oram insula X a terra Dioscoron, altera Calypsus quam Ogygiam appellasse Homerus existimatur, praeterea Tyris, Eranusa, Meloessa. ipsum a Caulone abesse rxx prodit Agrippa.
XI. A Lacinio promunturio secundus Juropae sinus incipit magno ambitu flexus et Acrocceraunio Epiri finitus promunturio, a quo abest rxxv. oppi- dum Croto, amnis Neaethus, oppidum Thurii inter duos amnes Crathim et Sybarim, ubi fuit urbs eodem nomine. similiter est inter Sirim et Acirim Heraclea aliquando Siris vocitata. flumina Aca- landriun, Casuentum, oppidum Metapontum, quo tertia ltaliae regio finitur. mediterranei Bruttio-
? Capo delle Colonno.
> /.e, sacred to Castor and Pollux.
* Now the Mountains of Khimarra, ending in Capo Lin- gulis,
“This is less than half the actual distance across the Adriatic ; and Pliny seems to include the Gulf of Tarentum with the Adriatic in the secundus Europae sinus.
* Sybaris.
79
BOOK III. x. 95-xr. 98
coast are rivers beyond count; but the places worthy of mention, beginning at Locri, are the Sagriano and the ruins of the town of Caulon, Monasteraci, Camp Consilinum, Punta di Stilo (thought by some to be the longest promontory in Italy), then the gulf and city of Squillace, ealled by the Athenians when founding it Scylletium. This part of the country is made into a peninsula by the Gulf of Santa Eufemia which runs up to it, and on it is the harbour called Hannibal's Camp. It is the narrowest part of Italy, which is here 20 miles across, and consequently the elder Dionysius wanted to cut a canal across the peninsula in this place, and annex it to Sieily. The navigable rivers in this district are the Corace, Alli, Simari, Crocchio and Tacina; it contains the inland town of Strongolo, the range of Monte Monacello, and the promontory of Lacinium,? off the coast of which ten miles out lies the Island of the Sons of Zeus > and another ealled Calypso's Island, which is thought to be Homer’s island of Ogygia, and also Tyris, Eranusa and Meloessa. According to Agrippa the distanee of the promontory of Lacinium from Caulon is 70 miles.
XI. At the promontory of Lacinium begins the second Gulf of Enrope; it curves round in a large bay and ends in Acroceraunium,’ a promontory of Epirus; the distance fromm cape to cape is 75 miles.4 Here are the town of Crotona, the river Neto, and the town of Turi between the river Crati and the river Sibari, on which once stood the city of the same name. Likewise Heraclea, once called Siris, lies between the Siris and the Aciris. Then the rivers Salandra and Bassiento, and the town of Torre di Mare, at which the third region of Italy ends. ‘The
71
90
100
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
rum Aprustani tantum, Lucanorum autem Atinates, Bantini, Eburini, Grumentini, Potentini, Sontini, Sirini, Tergilani, Ursentini, Volcentani,
quibus Numestrani iunguntur. praeterea interiisse Thebas Lucanas Cato auctor est, et Mardoniam Lucanorum urbem fuisse Theopompus, in qua Alexander Epirotes occubuerit.
Conectitur secunda regio amplexa Hirpinos, Cala- briam, Apuliam, Sallentinos ccr sinu qui Tarentinus appellatur ab oppido Laconum (in recessu hoe intimo situm, contributa eo maritima colonia quac ibi fuerat, abest cxxxvi a Lacinio promunturio) adversam ei Graeci Messa- piam a duce appellavere ct ante Peucetiam a Peucetio
Calabriam in peninsulam emittens. Oenotri fratre in Sallentino agro. inter promunturia € intersunt; latitudo peninsulae a Tarento Brundi- sium terreno itinere xxxv patet, multoque brevius a portu Sasine. Uria, cui
oppida per continentem a Tarento cognoinen
ob Apulam Messapiae,! Sarmadium, in ora vero Senum, Callipolis, quae nunc est Anxa, Lxxv a Tarento. inde xxxin pro- Iapygiam vocant, quo longissime in maria excurrit Italia. ab eo Basta oppidum et llydruntum decem ae novem milia
passuum, ad discrimen Joni et Hadriatici maris, qua
munturium quod Acran
! Mayhoff: cognomen Apulae Messapia.
* Capo di 5. Maria di Luca.
72
BOOK III. xr. 98-100
only inland community of the Bruttii are the Aprus- tani, but in the interior of Lucania are the Atinates, Dantini, Eburini, Grumentini, Potentini, Sontini, Sirini, Tergilani, Ursentini and Volcentani adjoining whom are the Numestrani. Moreover it is stated by Cato that the town of Thebes in Lucania has dis- appeared and Theopompus says that there was once a city of the Lucanians named Mardonia, in which Alexander of Epirus died.
Adjoining this district is the seeond region of The heel of
Italy, embracing the Hirpini, Calabria, Apulia and the Sallentini with the 250-mile bay named after the Laconian town of Taranto (this is situated in the innermost recess of the bay and has had attached to it the sea-board colony that had settled there, and it is 136 miles distant from the promontory of Lacinium),—throwing out Calabria which is opposite to Lacinium to form a peninsula. The Greeks called it Messapia from their leader Messapus, and previously Peucetia from Peucetius the brother of Oenotrius, and it was in the Sallentine territory. The distance between the two hcadlands is 100 miles; and the breadth of the peninsula overland from Taranto to Brindisi is 35 miles, and considerably less if measured from the port of Sasine. ‘The towns inland from ‘Taranto are Uria, which has the surname of Messapia to distinguish it from Uria in Apulia, and Sarmadium; on the coast are Senum and Gallipoli, the present Anxa, 75 miles from Taranto. Next, 33 miles farther, the promontory called the Iapygian Point,? where Italy projeets farthest into the sea. Nineteen miles from this point are the towns of Vaste and Otranto, at the boundary between the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic, where is the shortest
73
Italy, and the Adriatic coast of Italy,
101
103
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
in Graeciam brevissimus transitus, ex adverso Apolloniatum oppidi latitudine intercurrentis freti L non amplius. hoc intervallum pedestri continuare transitu pontibus iactis primum Pyrrus Epiri rex cogitavit, post eum M. Varro, cum classibus Pompei piratieo bello praeesset; utrumque aliae impedivere curae. ab Hydrunte Soletum desertum, dein Fra- tuertium, portus Tarentinus, statio Miltopes, Lupia, Dalesiuin, primis Italiae portu nobile ae velut certiore transitu
sicuti longiore, excipiente Illyrici urbe Durrachio
Caelia, Drundisium E p. ab Hydrunte in
CCXXV traicctu.
Brundisio conterminus Pacdiculorum ! ager; novem adulescentes totidemque virgines ab Illyrüs xm populos genuere. Paediculorum! oppida Rudiae, Egnatia, Darium, amnes Japyx a Daedali filio rege, a quo et Tapygia Acra, Pactius, Aufidus ex Hirpinis montibus Canusium praefluens.
Hine Apulia Dauniorum cognomine a duce Dio- medis socero, in qua oppidum Salapia Hannibalis meretricio amore inclutum, Sipontum, Uria, amnis Cerbalus Dauniorum finis, portus Aggasus, promun- turium montis Gargani a Sallentino sive Iapygio
CCxxxtv ambitu Gargani, portus Garnae, lacus
1 Rackham (cf. 38): Poediculorum, Pediculorum.
? [n Illyria. > Straits of Otranto. * A bastard formation from zaís.
74
BOOK Ill. xr. 100-103
crossing to Greece, opposite to the town of Apol- lonia? separated by an arm of the sea? not more than 50 miles wide. King Pyrrhus of Epirus first conceived the plan of carrying a causeway over this gap by throwing bridges across it, and after him Mareus Varro had the same idea when command- ing the fleets of Pompey in the Pirate War; but both were prevented by other commitments. After Otranto comes the deserted site of Soletum, then Fratuertium, the harbour of Taranto, the roadstead of Miltope, Lecce, Baleso, Cavallo, and then Brindisi, 50 miles from Otranto, one of the most famous places in Italy for its harbour and as offering a more certain crossing albeit a longer one, ending at the city of Durazzo in Illyria, a passage of 225 miles.
Adjacent to Brindisi is the territory of the Paediculi, whose twelve tribes were the descendants of nine youths and nine maidens from the Illyrians. The towns of the Paediculi are Ruvo, Agnazzo and Bari; their rivers are the Iapyx, named from the son of Daedalus, the king wlio also gives his name to the Iapygian Point, the Pactius and the Aufidus, which runs down from the Hirpini mountains and past Canossa.
Here begins Apulia, called Apulia of the Daunii, who were named after their chief, the father-in-law of Diomede; in Apulia is the town of Salpi, famous as the scene of Hannibal's amour with a courtezan, Sipontum, Uria, the river Cervaro marking the boundary of the Daunii, the harbour of "Porto Greco, the promontory of Monte Gargano (the distance round Gargano from the promontory of Sallentinum or Iapygia being 231 miles), the port of Varano, the lake of Lesina, the river l'rento which
79
Apulia,
104
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Pantanus, flumen portuosum Fertor, Teanum Apu- lorum itemque Larinum, Cliternia, Tifernus amnis; inde regio lrentana. ita Apulorum genera tria: Teani a duce e Grais; Lucani subacti a Calchante, quae nunc loca tenent Atinates; Dauniorimn praeter supra dicta coloniae Luceria, Venusia, oppida Canu- sium, Arpi aliquando Argos Hippium Diomede condente, mox Argyripa dictum. Diomedes ibi delevit gentes Monadorum Dardorumque et urbes duas quae in proverbi ludicrum vertere, Apinam ct Tricam. cectera intus in seeunda regione Ilirpi- norum colonia una Beneventum auspicatius mutato nomine quae quondam appellata Maleventum. Ausculani, Aquiloni, Abellinates cognomine Protropi, Compsani, Caudini, Ligures qui cognominantur Corneliani et qui Baebiani, Vescellani, Acclani, Aletrini, Abellinates cognominati Marsi, Atrani, Aecani, Alfellani, Atinates, Arpani, Boreani, Collatini, Corinenses et nobiles clade Romana Cannenses, Dirini, Forentani, Genusini, llerdonienses, lrini, Larinates cognomine Frentani, Merinates ex Gar- gano, Matcolani, Neretini, Natini, Rubustini, Silvini, Strapellini, Turnantini, Vibinates, Venusini, Ulurtini. Calabrorum mediterranei Acgetini, Apamestini, Argentini, Butuntinenses, Dcciani, Grumbestini, Norbanenses, Palionenses, Stulnini, Tutini. Sallen-
? Apinae Tricacque, ‘Chateaux en Espagne. Martial 14.17; tricae ‘ triles' or‘ tricks,’ is probably a word of different origin.
"Phe aceusative of the Greck Madoes when Latinized suggested to the Roman ear * ill come.’
* By Hannibal, 216 b.c.
4 Yorenza,
* Ginosa; and among the following are the modern Noja,
16
BOOK III. xr. 103-105
forms a harbour, Teanum of the Apuli and Larinum of the Apuli, Cliternia, and the river Biferno, at which begins the district of the Frentani. ‘Thus the Apulians comprise three different races: the Teani, so ealled from their chief, of Graian deseent; the Lueanians who were subdued by Calehas and who occupied the plaees that now belong to the Atinates; and the Daunians, including, beside the places mentioned above, the colonies of Lucera and Venosa and the towns of Canossa and Arpa, formerly called Argos Hippium when founded by Diomede, and afterwards Argyripa. Here Diomede destroyed the tribes of the Monadi and Dardi and two cities whose names have passed into a proverbial joke, Apina and Trica.? Besides these there are in the interior of the second region one eolony of the Hirpini formerly ealled Maleventum " and now more auspiciously, by a change of name, Beneventum, the Ausculani, Aquiloni, Abellinates surnamed Pro- tropi, Compsani, Caudini, Ligurians with the surnames of Corneliani and Baebiani, Vescellani, Acelani, Aletrini, Abellinates surnamed Marsi, Atrani, Aeeani, Alfellani, Atinates, Arpani, Boreani, Collatini, Corinenses, Cannae eelebrated for tle Roman defeat, Dirini, Forentani,? Genusini,? Herdonienses, Irini, Larinates surnamed fT'rentani, the Merinates from Monte Gargano, Mateolani, Neretini, Natini, Rubustini, Silvini, Strapellini, Turnantini, Vibinates, Venusini, Ulurtini. Inland Calabrian peoples are the Aegetini, Apamestini, Argentini, Butuntinenses, Deciani, Grumbestini, Norbanenses, Palionenses, Stulnini and ‘Tutini; inland Sallentini are the
Savigliano, Rapolla, Bovino and Bitonto; others are now Ostuni, Veste, San Verato.
77
106
107
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
tinorum Aletini, Basterbini, Neretini, Uzentini, Veretini. XII. Sequitur regio quarta gentium vel fortissi-
marum Italiae. in ora Frentanorum a Tiferno flumen Trinium portuosum, oppida llistonium, Buca, Hortona, Aternus amnis. intus Anxani
cognomine Frentani, Caretini Supernates et In- fernates, Lanuenses; Marrucinorum Teatini; Pae- lignorum Corfinienses, Superaequani, Sulmonenses ; Marsorum Anxatini, Antinates, Fucentes, Lucenses, Marruvini; Albensium Alba ad Fucinum lacum; Aequiculanorum Cliternini, Carseolani; Vestinorum Angulani, Pennenses, Pcltuinates quibus iunguntur Aufinates Cismontani; Samnitium quos Sabellos ct Graeci Saunitas dixere, colonia Bovianum Vetus et alterum. cognomine Undecumanorum, Aufide- nates, Aesernini, l'agifulani, l'icolenses, Saepinates, lereventinates; Sabinorum <Amiternini, Curenses, Forum Deci, Forum Novum, Fidenates, Interam- nates, Nursini, Nomentani, Reatini, Trebulani qui cognominantur Mutuesci et qui Suffenates, Tiburtes, Tarinates. inhocsitu ex Acquicolis interiere Comini, Tadiates, Cacdici, Alfaterni. Gellianus auctor est lacu Fucino haustum Marsorum oppidum Archippe conditum a Marsya duce Lydorum, item Vidici- norum in Piceno deletum a Romanis Valerianus. Sabini, ut quidam existirmavere, a religione et deum cultu Sebini appellati, Velinos accolunt lacus roscidis
* Now the Pescara, * Now Pelino. * J.e. ' Sabini ' was originally ' Sebini’ from o¢Bas.
73
BOOK IIL. xr. 105-x11. 108
Aletini, Basterbini, Neretini, Uzentini and Vere- tini.
XII. There follows the fourth region, which in- cludes the very bravest races in Italy. On the coast, in the territory of the Frentani, after Tifernum are the river Trigno, affording a harbour, and the towns of Histonium, Buca and Hortona and the river Aternus.? Inward are the Anxani surnamed l'rentani, the Upper and Lower Carctini and the Lanuenses; and in the Marrucine territory Chieti; in the Paclignian, the people of Corfinium? Subequo and Sulmona; in the Marsian, those of Lanciano, Atina, Fucino, Lucca and Muria; in the Albensian region the town of Alba on Lake Fucino; in the Acquiculan, Cliternia and Carsoli; in the Vestinian, Sant' Angelo, Pinna and Peltuina, adjoining which is Ofena South of the Mountain; in thc region of the Samnites, who once were called Sabelli and by the Greeks Saunitae, the colony of Old Bojano and the other Bojano that bears the name of the Eleventh Legion, Alfidena, Isernia, Fagifulani, l'icolea, Supino, and Terevento ; in the Sabine, Amiternum, Corresc, Market of Decius, New Market, l'idenae, lF'erano, Norcia, La Mentana, Rieti, Trebula Mutuesca, Trebula Suffena, Tivoli, Tarano. In this district, of the tribes of the Aequicoli the Comini, Tadiates, Caedici and Alfaterni have dis- appeared. It is stated by Gellianus that a Marsian town of Arehippe, founded by the Lydian com- mander Marsyas, has been submerged in Lake lucino, and also Valerian says that the town of the Vidicini in Picenum was destroyed by the Romans. The Sabines (aecording to some opinions called Sebini from their religious beliefs and ritual^) live on the lush dewy hills by the Lakes of Velino. Those
19
Frentani and Samnium.
109
110
111
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY collibus. Nar amnis exhaurit illos sulpurcis aquis Tiberim ex his petens, replet e monte Fiscello Avens? iuxta Vacunae nemora et Reate in eosdem conditus. at ex alia parte Anio in monte Trebanorum ortus laeus tris amoenitate nobilis qui nomen dedere Sublaqueo defert in Tiberim. in agro Reatino Cutiliae lacum, in quo fuetuetur insula, Italiae umbilicum esse M. Varro tradit. infra Sabinos Latium est, a latere Picenum, a tergo Umbria, Appennini iugis Sabinos utrimque vallantibus.
XIII. Quinta regio Piceni est, quondam uberrimae multitudinis: Ccerx Picentium in fidem p. R. venere. orti sunt a Sabinis voto vere sacro. tenuere ab Aterno amne, ubi nunc ager Iladrianus et Hadria colonia a mari vi p., flumcn Vomanum, ager Practu- tianus Palmensisque, item Castrum Novum, flumen Batinum, Truentum cum amne, quod solum Libur- norum in Italia relieum est, flumina Albula, Tessui- num, Ilelvinum quo finitur Praetutiana regio ct Picentium incipit; Cupra oppidum, Castellum F'irma- norum, et superid colonia Asculum, Piceni nobilissima. intus Novana; in ora Cluana, Potentia, Numana a Siculis condita, ab iisdem colonia Ancona adposita promunturio Cunero in ipso flectentis sc orae cubito, a Gargano cLxXxür. intus Auximates, Beregrani,
1 Codi. aves aut labens.
? 209 ic.
" In time of danger the produce of the next sprmg was vowed to the gods; the children then born in early times perhaps were sacrificed, but later were allowed to grow up and then driven across the frontier to settle wherever Provi- dence might lead them,
o
BOOK III. xu. 109-xrn. 111
lakes drain into the river Nera, which from these derives the river Tiber with its sulphurous waters, and they are replenished by the Avens whieh runs down from Monte Fiseello near the Groves of Vacuna and Rieti and loses itself in the lakes in question. In another direction the Teverone rising in Mount Trevi drains into the Tiber three lakes famous for their beauty, from which Subiaco takes its name. In the district of Ricti is the lake of Cutilia, which is said by Mareus Varro to be the central point of Italy, and to eontain a floating island. Below the Sabine territory lies Latium, on one side of it Pieenum, and behind it Umbria, while the ranges of the Apennines fence it in on either side.
XIII. The fifth region is that of Pieenum, which formerly was very densely popnlated: 360,000 Picentines took the oath of allegiance to Rome. They derived their origin from the Sabines, who had made a vow to celebrate a Holy Spring? The territory that they took possession of began at the river Aterno, where are now the district and colony of Adria, 6 miles from the sea. Here is the river Vomanus, the territories of Praetutia and Palma, also the New Camp, the river Batinus, Tronto with its river, the only Liburnian settlement left in Italy, the river Albula, Tessuinum, and Helvinum where the region of the Praetutii ends and that of Pieenum begins; the town of Cupra, Porto di Fermo, and above it the colony of Ascoli, the most famous in Picenum. Inland is Novana, and on the coast Cluana, Potentia, Numana founded by the Sicilians, and Ancona, a colony founded by the same people on the promontory of Cunerus just at the elbow of the coast where it bends round, 183 miles from Monte Gargano.
8x
Picenum (Abbruzzo)
113
113
114
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY Cingulani, Cuprenses cognomine Montani,Falarienses, Pausulani, Planinenses, Ricinenses, Septempedani, 'Tollentinates, Treienses, Urbesalvia Pollentint.
XIV. Iungetur his sexta regio Umbriam con- plexa agrumque Gallicum citra Ariminum. ab Ancona Gallica ora incipit Togatae Galliae cogno- mine. Siculi et Liburni plurima cius tractus tenuere, in primis Palmensem, Praetutianum Hadrianumque agrum. Umbri eos expulere, hos Etruria, hanc Galli. Umbrorum gens antiquissima Italiae existi- matur, ut quos Ombrios a Graecis putent dictos quod in! inundatione terrarum imbribus super- fuissent. trecenta eorum oppida Tusci debcllasse reperiuntur. nunc in ora flumen Aesis, Senagallia, Metaurus fluvius, coloniae Fanum Fortunae, Pisau- rum cum amne, et intus Hispellum, Tuder. de cetero Amcrini, <Attidiates, Asisinates, Arnates, Aesinates, Camertes, Casucntillani, Carsulani, Do- lates cognomine Sallentini, Fulginiates, loroflami- nienses, Foroiulienses cognomine Concupienses, Fo- robrentani, l'orosempronicnses, Iguini, Interamnates cognomine Nartes, Mevanates, Mevanionenses, Mati- licates, Narnienses, quod oppidum Nequinum antea vocitatum est, Nucerini cognomine Favonienses et Camellani, Otriculani, Ostrani, Pitulani cognomine Pisuertes ct alii Mergentini, Plestini, Sentinates, Sassinates, Spoletini, Suasani, Sestinates, Suillates, Tadinates, ‘Trebiates, Tufieani, Tifernates cogno- mine Tiberini et alii Mectaurenses, Vesinicates,
1 in add. Mayhoff: an inundationi? Rackham,
? From oufpos, a storm of rain.
82
BOOK III. xin. rr1-xiv. 114
Inland are Osimo, Beregra, Cingula, Cupra surnamed Montana, Falerona, Pausula, Plalina, Ricinum, Sep- tempedum, Tollentinum, Treia, and the people from Pollentia settled at Urbisaglia.
XIV. Adjoining to this will come the sixth region, embracing Umbria and the Gallic territory this side Rimini. At Ancona begins the Gallie coast named Gallia Togata. The largest part of this district was occupied by Sicilians and Liburnians, especially the territories of Palma, Praetutia and Adria. They were expelled by the Umbrians, and these by Etruria, and Etruria by the Gauls. The Umbrians are believed to be the oldest race of Italy, being thought to be the people designated as Ombrii by the Greeks on the ground of their having survived the rains after the flood. We find that 300 of their towns were conquered by the Etruscans. On this coast atthe present time are the river Esino, Sini- gaglia, the river Meturo and the colonies of Fano and Pesaro with the river of the same name and inland those of Spello and Todi. Besides these there are the peoples of Amelia, Attiglio, Assisi, Arna, Iesi, Camerino, Casuentillum, Carsulae; the Dolates surnamed Sallentini; Foligno, Market of Flaminius, Market of Julius, surnamed Concupium, Market Brenta, Fossombrone, Gubbio, Terni on the Nera, Bevagna, Mevanio, Matilica, Narni(the town formerly called Nequinum); the people of Nocera surnamed Favonienses and those surnamed Camellani ; Otricoli, Ostra; the Pitulani surnamed Pisuertes and others surnamed Mergentini; the Plestini; Sentinum, Sassina, Spoleto, Suasa, Sestino, Sigello, Tadina, Trevi, Tuficum, Tifernum on the Tiber, Tifernum on the Meturo; Vesinica, Urbino on the Meturo and
83
Umbria (The Af arches).
116
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Urbanates cognomine Metaurenses ct alii Hortenses, Vettonenses, Vindinates, Visuentani. in hoe situ interiere Felignates, et qui Clusiolum tenuere supra Interamnam, et Sarranates cum oppidis Acerris quae Vafriae cognominabantur, 'furocaclo quod Vettiolum, item Solinates, Suriates, lalinates, Sap- pinates. interiere et Arinates cum Crinivolo et Usidicani et Plangenses, Paesinates, Caclestini. Ameriam supra seriptam Cato ante Persei bellum conditam annis pccccLxii prodit.
XV. Octava regio determinatur Arimino, Pado, Appennino. in ora fluvius Crustumium, Ariminum colonia cum amnibus Arimino et Aprusa, fluvius ltubieo, quondam finis Italiae. ab eo Sapis et Vitis et Anemo, Ravenna Sabinorum oppidum eum amne Bedese, ab Ancona cv p. nee proeul a mari Um- brorum Dutrium. intus coloniae Bononia, Felsina voeitata tum! cum princeps Etruriae esset, Drixillum, Mutina, Parma, Placentia; oppida Caesena, Claterna, Foro Clodi, Livi, Popili, '"Truentinorum, Corneli, Licini, Faventini, Fidentini, Otesini, Padinates, Regienses a Lepido, Solonates, Saltusque Galliani qui cognominantur Aquinates, Tannetani, Veleiates cognomine veteri Regiates, Urbanates. in hoc tractu interierunt Boi quorum tribus cxi fuisse auctor est Cato, itein Senones qui eeperunt Romam.
1 Mayhoff : vocitatum.
9 171-167 z.c.
> Probably the Pisatello.
* A Gallic tribe who settled Soutb of tho Alps, and were conquered by Scipio Nasica in 191 B.c. They migrated to Bohemia, which takes its name from them.
84
BOOK III. xiv. r14-xv. 116
Urbino of the Garden, Dettona, the Vindinates and the Visuentani. Pcoples that have disappeared in this district are the l'elignates and the inhabitants of Clusiolum above Interamna, and the Sarranates, together with the towns of Acerrae surnamed Vafriae and Turocaelum surnamed Vettiolum; also the Solinatcs, Suriates, Falinates and Sappinates. There have also disappeared the Arinates with the town of Crinivolum and the Usidicani and Plangenses, the Paesinates, the Caelestini. Ameria above- mentioned is stated by Cato to have been founded 963 years before the war? with Perseus.
XV. The boundaries of the eighth region are marked by Rimini, the Po and the Apennines. On its coast are the river Conca, the colony of Rimini with the rivers Ariminum and Aprusa, and the river Rubicon? once the frontier of Italy. Then there are the Savio, the Bevano and the Roneone; the Sabine town of ltavenna with the river Montone, and the Umbrian town of Butrium 105 miles from Ancona and not far from the sea. Inland are the colonies of Bologna (which at the time when it was the chief place in Etruria was called F'elsina), Bres- cello, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, and the towns of Cesena, Quaderna, Fornocchia, Forli, Forli Piccolo, Bertinoro, Cornelius Market, Incino, Faenza, Fidentia, Otesini, Castel Bondino, Reggio named from Lepidus, Città di Sole, Groves of Gallius surnamed Aquinates, Tenedo, Villac in old days surnamed Regias, Urbana. Peoples no longer ex- isting in this region are the Doii, said by Cato to have comprised 112 tribes, and also the Senones who captured ltome.4
4 390 p.c. : their city Agedincum is now Sens.
VOL. IT, D 85
Gallia Cispadana (Emilia).
117
118
119
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
XVI. Padus e gremio Vesuli montis celsissimum in eacumen Alpium elati finibus Ligurum Vagien- norum visendo fonte profluens condensque se euni- culo et in Forovibiensium agro iterum exoriens, nullo amnium claritate inferior, Graecis dictus Eridanus ae poena Phaethontis inlustratus, augetur ad canis ortus liquatis nivibus, agris quam navigiis torrentior, nihil tamen ex rapto sibi vindicans atque, ubi liquit, ubertate largitor.! ccc p. a fonte addens meatu duo de Lxxxx, nee amnes tantum Appenninos Alpinosque navigabiles capiens sed lacus quoque inmensos in eum sese exonerantes, omni numero xxx flumina in mare l|ladriatieum defert, ecleberrima ex iis Appennini latere laetum, Tanarum, Trebiam Placentinum, Tarum, Inciam, Gabellum, Scultennam, Rhenum, Alpium vero Sturam, Orgum, Durias duas, Sesitem, Ticinum, Lambrum, Adduam, Ollium, Mineium. nec alius amnium tam brevi spatio maioris incrementi est; urguetur quippe aquarum mole et in profundum agitur gravis terrae, quamquam diductus in flumina et fossas inter Ravennam Altinumque per cxx, tamen qua largius vomit Septem Maria dictus facere.
Augusta fossa Havennam trahitur, ubi Padusa
! FL. linquit ubertatem largitur.
* Phaethon when driving the chariot of his father the Sun lost control of the horses, and was struck down by Jupiter to prevent his setting the carth on fire; Ovid, Met. I1. 47 ff. makes him fall into the Padus.
86
BOOK III. xvi. 117-119
XVI. The source of the Po, which well deserves a visit, is a spring in the heart of Monte Viso, an extremely lofty Alpine peak in the territory of the Ligurian Vagienni; the stream burrows under- ^ ground and emerges again in the district of Vibius Market. It rivals all other rivers in celebrity; its Creek name was Eridanus, and it is famous as the scene of the punishment. of Phaethon. The melting of the snows at the rising of the Dogstar causes it to swell in volume ; but though its flooding does more damage to the fields adjacent than to vessels, never- theless it claims no part of its plunder for itself, and where it deposits its spoil it bestows bounteous fertility. Its length from its source is 300 miles, to which it adds 88 by its windings, and it not only receives navigable rivers from the Apennines and the Alps, but also immense lakes that discharge them- selves into it, and it carries down to the Adriatic Sea as many as 30 strcams in all. Among these the best-known are: flowing from the Apennine range, the Jactum, the Tanaro, the Trebbia (on which is Piacenza), the Taro, the Enza, the Sccchia, the Panaro and the Heno; flowing from the Alps, the Stura, Orco, two Doras, Sesia, Ticino, Lambra, Adda, Oglio and Mincio. Nor does any other river increase so much in volume in so short a distance; in fact, the vast body of water drives it on and scoops out its bed with disaster to the land, although it is diverted into streams and canals between Ravenna and Altino over a length of 120 miles; neverthe- less where it discharges its water more widely it forms what are called the Seven Seas.
The Po is carried to Ravenna by the Canal of Augustus; this part of the river is called the Padusa,
87
The riter Po : sts sources, tributaries
mouths,
120
12]
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
voeatur quondam Messanicus appellatus. proxi- mum inde ostium magnitudinem portus habet qui Vatreni dicitur, qua Claudius Caesar e Britannia triumphans praegrandi illa domo verius quam nave intravit Hadriam. hoc ante Eridanum ostium dictum est, ab aliis Spineticum ab urbe Spina quae fuit iuxta, praevalens, ut Delphicis creditum est thesauris, condita a Diomede. auget ibi Padum Vatrenus amnis ex l'orocorneliensi agro.
Proximum inde ostium Caprasiae, dein Sagis, dein Volane quod ante Olane vocabatur, omnia ea fossa Flavia quam primi a Sagi fecere Tusci egesto amnis impetu per transversum in Atrianorum paludes quae Septem Maria appellantur, nobili portu oppidi Tuscorum <Atriac a quo Atriatieum mare ante appellabatur quod nunc Hadriaticum. inde ostia plena Carbonaria, ac ! Fossiones Philistinae,? quod alii Tartarum vocant, omnia ex Philistinae fossae abunda- tione nascentia, accedentibus Atesi ex Tridentinis Alpibus et Togisono ex Patavinorum agris. pars eorum ct proximum portum facit Drundulum, sicut Aedronem Meduaci duo ae fossa Clodia. his se Padus miscet ae per haec effunditur, plerisque, ut in Aegypto Nilus quod vocant Delta, triquetram
1 nc hic edd : post Fossiones aut om, codd.
2 Edd.: Vhilistina. 88
BOOK HI. xvi. 119-121
its name previously being Messanieus. The mouth nearest to Ravenna forms the large basin called the Harbour of the Santerno; it was here that Claudius Caesar sailed out into the Adriatic, in what was a vast palace rather than a ship, when celebrating his triumph over Britain. This mouth was formerly called the Eridanus, and by others the Spinetieus from the city of Spina that formerly stood near it, and that was believed on the evidence of its treasures deposited at Delphi to have been a very powerful place; it was founded by Diomede. At this point the Po is augmented by the river Santerno from the territory of Cornelius Market.
The next mouth to this is the Caprasian mouth, then that of Sagis, and then Volane, formerly called Olane ; allofthese form the Flavian Canal, which was first made from the Sagis by the Tuseans, thus dis- eharging the flow of the river across into the marshes of the Atriani called the Seven Seas, with the famous harbour of the Tuscan town of Atria which formerly gave the name of Atriatie to the sea now called the Adriatic. Next come the deep-water mouths of Carbonaria and the Fosses of Philistina, ealled by others ‘Tartarus, all of which originate from the overflow of the Philistina Canal, with the addition of the Adige from the Trentino Alps and of the Bacchiglione from the district of Padua. <A part of these streams also forms the neighbouring harbour of Brondolo, as likewise that of Chioggia is formed by the Brenta and Brentella and the Clodian Canal. With these streams the Po unites and flows through them into the sea, according to most authorities forming between the Alps and the sea-coast the figure of a triangle, like what is called the Delta formed
89
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
figuram inter Alpes atque oram maris facere proditus,
122 stadiorum 1? circuitu. pudet a Graecis Italiae
rationem mutuari, Metrodorus tamen Scepsius dicit, quoniam circa fontem arbor multa sit picea, quales Gallice vocentur padi, hoe nomen accepisse, Ligurum quidem lingua amnem ipsum Bodincum vocari, quod significet fundo carentem. cui argumento adest oppidum iuxta Industria? vetusto nomine Bodincomagum, ubi praecipua altitudo incipit. XVII. Transpadana appellatur ab eo regio unde- cima, tota in mediterraneo, cui marina? cuncta fructuoso alveo inportat. oppida Vibi Forum, Segusio, coloniae ab Alpium radicibus Augusta Taurinorum, inde navigabili Pado, antiqua Ligurum stirpe, dein Salassorum Augusta Praetoria iuxta geminas Alpium fores, Graias atque Poeninas,—his Poenos, Grais lIlerculem transisse memorant,— oppidum Eporedia Sibyllinis a populo Romano conditum iussis,—eporedias Galli bonos equorum
124 domitores vocant,—Vercellae Libiciorum ex Salluis
ortae, Novaria ex Vertamacoris, Vocontiorum hodie- que pago, non (ut Cato existimat) Ligurum, ex quibus Laevi et Marici condidere Ticinum non procul a Pado, sicut Doi "Transalpibus profecti Laudem Pompciam, Insubres Mediolanum. | Orumbiviorum
1 Edd.: v. * Mayhoff : maria.
? Now Monte di Po.
^ Now the Little and Great St. Bernard passes: the name of the former survives in the ‘Graian Alps,’
* Now Vavia.
go
? V4. Industriam.
BOOK III. xvi. r21-xvii. 124
by the Nile in Egypt; the triangle measures 250 miles in circumference. One is asliamed to borrow an account of Italy from the Greeks; nevertheless, Metrodorus of Scepsis says that the river has received the name of Padus because in the neighbourhood of its source there are a quantity of pine-trees of the kind called in the Gallic dialect padi, while in fact the Ligurian name for the actual river is Bodincus, a word that means ‘ bottomless.’ This theory is supported by the fact that the neighbouring town of Industria,? where the river begins to be particularly deep, had the old name of Bodincomagum.
XVII. The eleventh region receives from the river the name of Transpadana; it is situated entirely inland, but the river carries to it on its bounteous channel the products of all the seas. Its towns are Seluzzo and Susa, and the colony of Turin at the roots of the Alps (here the Po becomes navigable), sprung from an ancient Ligurian stock, and next that of Aosta Praetoria of the Salassi, near the twin gateways of the Alps, the Graian pass and the Pennine,’—history says that the latter was the pass crossed by the Carthaginians and the former by Her- cules—and the town of Ivrea, founded by the Roman nation by order of the Sibylline Books—the name comes from the Gallic word for a man good at breaking horses—, Vercelli, the town of the Libicii, founded from the Sallui, and Novara founded from Verta- macori, a place belonging to tlie Vocontii and now-a- days a village, not (as Cato thinks) belonging to the Ligurians; from whom the Laevi and Marici founded Ticinum * not far from the Po, just as the Boians, coming from the tribes across the Alps, founded Lodi and the Insubrians Milan. According to Cato, Como,
9I
Gallia Trans- padana,
126
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
stirpis. esse Comum atque Bergomum et Licini Forum aliquotque circa populos auctor est Cato, sed originem gentis ignorare se fatetur, quam docet Cornelius Alexander ortam a Graecia inter- pretatione etiam nominis vitam in montibus degen- tium. in hoe situ interiit oppidum Orumbiviorum Parra, unde Bergomates Cato dixit ortos, etiam- num prodente se altius quam fortunatius situm. interiere ct Caturiges Insubrum exsules et Spina supra dicta, item Melpum opulentia praecipuum, quod ab Insubribus ct Bois et Senonibus deletuin co die quo Camillus Veios ccperit Nepos Cornelius tradidit.
XVII. Sequitur decima rcgio Italiae IIadriatico mari adposita, cuius Venctia, tluvius Silis ex monti- bus Tarvisanis. oppidum Altinum, flumen Liquentia ex montibus Opiterginis et portus codem nomine, colonia Concordia, ilumina et portus Reatinum, Tiliaventum Maius Minusque, Anaxum quo Varanus defluit, Alsa, Natiso cum Turro, pracfluente Aquileiam coloniain xv p. a mari sitam. Carnorum haec regio iunctaque lapndum, amnis Timavos, castellum nobile vino Pucinmn, Tergestinus sinus. colonia Tergeste, xxxi ab Aquileia, ultra quam sex milia p. Formio amnis, ab Ravenna crxxxix, anticus auctae ltaliae terminus, nunc vcro llistriae; quam
? [.e, ‘Orumbivii’ is understood to come from ópos and Bios.
* [n 396 n.c.
* The inhabitants in the 5th c. a.p., to escape fromm Attila and the lluns, fled to the adjoining islands, and founded Venice.
4 Perhaps the Risano.
* ]n the time of Augustus, before Istria was added to Italy.
02
BOOK III. xvn. 124-xvinr. 127
Bergamo, Incino and some surrounding peoples are of the Orumbivian stock, but he eontesses that he does not know the origin of that race; whereas Cornelius Alexander states that it originated from Greece, arguing merely by the name, which he renders ‘ those who pass their lives in mountains.’ * In this loeality a town of the Orumbivii named Parra, said by Cato to be the original home of the people of Bergamo, has perished, its remains still showing its site to have been more lofty than advan- tageous. Other communities that have perished are the Caturiges, an exiled seetion of the Insubrians,
and the above-mentioned Spina, and also the excep- $120.
tionally wealthy town of Melpum, whieh is stated by Cornelius Nepos to have been destroyed by the Insubrians, Boii and Senones on the day* on whieh Camillus took Veii.
XVIII. Next comes the tenth region of Italy, on the eoast of the Adriatie Sea. In it are Venetia, the river Silo that rises in the mountains of Treviso, the town of Altino, the river Liquenzo rising in the mountains of Oderzo, and the port of the same name, the eolony of Coneordia, the river and port of Rieti, the Greater and Lesser Tagliamento, the Stella, into which flows the Revonchi, the Alsa,the Natisone, with the Torre that flows past the colony of Aquileia situated 15 miles from the sea. This is the region of the Carni, and adjoining it is that of the Iapudes, the river Timavo, Castel Duino, famous for its wine, the Gulf of Trieste, and the eolony of the same name, 33 miles from Aquileia. Six miles beyond Trieste is the river Formio,? 189 miles from Ravenna, the old frontier* of the enlarged Italy and now the boundary of Istria. It has been stated by many
93
Venetia.
138
189
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
cognominatam a flumine Histro in Hadriam effluente e Danuvio amne eodemque Histro exadversum Padi fauces, contrario eorum percussu mari interiecto dulcescente, plerique dixere falso, et Nepos etiam Padi accola; nullus enim ex Danuvio amnis in mare Hadriaticum effunditur. deceptos credo quoniam Argo navis flumine in mare Hadriaticum descendit ! non proeul Tergeste, nec iam constat quo flumine. umeris travectam Alpes diligentiores tradunt, subisse autem Histro, dein Savo, dein Nauporto, cui nomen ex ea causa est, inter Aemonam Alpesque exorienti.
XIX. Histria ut peninsula excurrit. latitudinem eius XL, circuitum cxxv prodidere quidam, item alii Liburniae czxxx. nonnulli in Flanaticum sinum Iapudiam promovere a tergo Histriae cxxx, dein Liburniam CL fecere. Tuditanus qui domuit Histros in statua sua ibi inscripsit: Ab Aquileia ad Tityum flumen stadia ««.? oppida Histriae civium Romano- rum Aegida, Parentium, colonia Pola quae nune Pietas Iulia, quondam a Colchis condita; abest a Tergeste cv. mox oppidum Nesactium et nune
1 descenderit? Rackham. 7 MM Dellefsen: M.
9? Ship's Harbour (doubtless suggesting also the portage). Emona on its banks later became à Roman colony, Julia Augusta, and is the modern Laibach, which is also the name of the river.
* Now the Golfo di Quarnaro.
* C. Sempronius, consul 129 n.c.
4 [.e. 250 miles; the MSS. give 1000 stades, s.e. 125 Roman miles. The Roman mile waa a little shorter than the English.
* Perhaps Capo d'Istria.
/ Believed to be Castel Nuovo.
94
BOOK III. xvrrr. 127-x1x. 129
authors, even including Nepos, who lived on the banks of the Po, that Istria takes its name from the stream called Ister flowing out of the river Danube (which also has the name of Ister) into the Adriatic, opposite the mouths of the Po, and that their currents, colliding from contrary directions, turn the interven- ing sea into a pool of fresh water; but these state- ments are erroneous, for no river flows out of the Danube into the Adriatic. I believe that they have been misled by the fact that the ship Argo came down a river into the Adriatic not far from Trieste, but it has not hitherto been decided what river this was. More careful writers say that the Argo was portaged on men's shoulders across the Alps, but that she had come up the Ister and then the Save and then the Nauportus,? a stream rising between Emona and the Alps, that has got its name from this occurrence. XIX. Istria projects in the form of a peninsula. Some authorities have given its breadth as 40 miles and its circuit as 125 miles, and the same dimensions for the adjoining territory of Liburnia and the Flanatic Gulf;® others make it 225 miles, and others give the circuit of Liburnia as 180 miles. Some carry lapudia, at the back of Istria, as far as the Flanatic Gulf, a distance of 130 miles, and then make the circuit of Liburnia 150 miles. Tuditanus, who conquered the Istrians, inscribed the following statement on his statue there: From Aquileia to the river Keriko 2000 furlongs.4 Towns in Istria with the Roman citizenship are Aegida,é Parenzo and the colony of Pola, the present Pietas Julia, originally founded by the Colchians, and 105 miles from ‘Trieste. Then comes the town of Nesactium,/ and the river Arsa, now the frontier of
95
Istria,
130
LS
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
finis Italiae fluvius Arsia. Polam ab Ancona traiectus CXX p. est.
In mediterranco regionis decimae coloniae Cre- mona, Brixia Cenomanorum agro, Venetorum autem Ateste et oppida Aceluin, Patavium, Opitergium, Velunum, Vicetia, Mantua Tuscorum trans Padum sola reliqua. Venetos Troiana stirpe ortos auctor est Cato, Cenomanos iuxta Massiliam habitasse in Volcis. Feltini et Tridentini et Beruenses Raetica oppida, Raetorum et Eugancorum Verona, Iulienses Carnorum; dein, quos serupulosius dieere non attineat, Alutrenses, Asseriates, l'lamonienses Vani- enses et alii cognomine Curici, Foroiulienses cogno- mine Transpadani, l'oretani, Nedinates, Quarqueni, Tarvisani, Togienses, Varvari. in hoc situ interiere per oram Irmene, Pellaon, Palsicium, ex Venetis Atina et Caelina, Carnis Segesta et Ocra, Tauriscis Noreia. et ab Aquileia ad xi lapidem deletum oppidum etiam invito senatu a M. Claudio Marcello L. Piso auctor est.
In hae regione et x1 lacus ineluti sunt amnesque eorum partus, aut alumni si modo aeceptos reddunt,
ut Adduam Larius, Ticinum Verbannus, Mincium
* Friuli. 4 Quero.
? The town of Flagoyna, * Naodin.
BOOK III. xix. 129-131
Italy. The distance aeross from Aneona to Pola is 120 miles.
In the interior of the tenth region are the colonies of Cremona and Brescia in the territory of the Cenomani, and Este in that of the Veneti, and the towns of Asolo, Padua, Oderzo, Belluno, Vicenza and Mantua, the only remaining Tuscan town across the Po. According to Cato, the Veneti are deseended from a Trojan stock, and the Cenomani lived among the Voleae in the neighbourhood of Marseilles. There are also the Rhaetie towus of Feltre, Trent and Berua, Verona whieh belongs to the Rhaeti and Euganei jointly, and Zuglio which belongs to the Carni; then peoples that we need not be concerned to designate with more partieularity, the Alutrenses, Asseriates, llamonienses ^ Vanienses and other Flamonienses surnamed Curiei, the l'orojulienses ^ surnamed Transpadani, Foretani, Nedinates,^ Quar- queni,? Tarvisani,? Togienses, Varvari. In this district there have disappeared, on the coast-line, Irmene, Pellaon, Palsieium, Atina and Caelina belonging to the Veneti, Segesta and Ocra to the Carni, Noreia to the Taurisci. Also Lucius Piso states that a town 12 miles from Aquileia was destroyed by Mareus Claudius Mareellus, although against the wish of the Senate.
'This region also contains eleven famous lakes and the rivers of which they are the source, or which, in the case of those that after entering the lakes leave them again, are augmented by them—for instance the Adda that flows through Lake Como, the Ticino through Maggiore, the Mincio through Garda, the Seo through the Lago di Seo, and the
* ‘Treviso.
97
Gallia Cisalpina.
The Italian Lakes.
133
—_
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY Benaeus, Ollium Sebinnus, Lambrum Eupilis, omnes ineolas Padi.
Alpis in longitudinem X p. patere a supero mari ad inferum Caclius tradit, Timagenes Xxx p. deductis, in latitudinem autem Cornelius Nepos c, T. Livius IH stadiorum, uterque diversis in locis; namque et centum milia excedunt aliquando, ubi Germaniam ab Italia submovent, nec rxx inplent reliqua sui parte graciles, veluti naturae providentia. latitudo Italiae subter radices earum a Varo per Vada Sabatia, Taurinos, Comum, Brixiam, Veronam, Vicetiam, Opitergium, Aquileiam, Tergeste, Polam, ad ! Arsiam DCCXLY colligit.
XX. Incolae Alpium multi populi, sed inlustres a Pola ad Tergestis regionem Feeusses, Subocrini, Catali, Menoncaleni, iuxtaque Carnos quondam laurisci appellati, nunc Norici; his contermini Racti et Vindelici, omnes in multas civitates divisi. Raetos Tuseorum prolem arbitrantur a Gallis pulsos duce Raeto. verso deinde in? Italiam pectore Alpium Latini iuris Euganeae gentes, quarum oppida xxxiv enumerat Cato. ex his ‘friumpilini, venalis cum agris suis populus, dein Camunni con- pluresque similes finitimis adtributi municipiis. Lepontios et Salassos Tauriscae gentis idem Cato
! ad add. Rackhain, 2 in add, Dalecampius.
? The stade or furlong was } of a Roman mile. But it looks as if the text were wrong, as what follows seems to show that 100 miles should be the higher figure, and the estimate of 3000 stades attributed to Livy is improbably large.
? The name survives in Val Trompia.
* Presumably they aecepted membership of the Roman Empire for a pecuniary consideration.
* Val Camonica. * Val Levenuna.
98
Val d'Aosta.
BOOK III. xix. 131-xx. 134
Lambro through Lago di Pusiano—all of these streams being tributaries of the Po.
The length of the Alps from the Adriatie to the Mediterranean is given by Caelius as 1000 miles; Timagenes puts it at 25 miles less. Their breadth is given by Cornelius Nepos as 100 miles, by Livy as 375 miles? but they take their measurements at different points; for occasionally the Alps exeeed even 100 miles in breadth, where they divide Germany from Italy, while in the remaining part they are as it were providentially narrow and do not cover 70 miles. ‘The breadth of Italy at the roots of the Alps, measured from the river Var through Vado, the port of Savo, Turin, Como, Brescia, Verona, Vieenza, Oderzo, Aquileia, Trieste and Pola, to the river Arsa, amounts to 745 miles.
XX. The Alps are inhabited by a great many nations, but the notable ones, between Pola and the district of Trieste, are the Fecusses, Suboerini, Catali and Menonealeni, and next to the Carni the peoples formerly ealled Taurisei and now Noriei; adjoining these are the Raeti and Vindeliei. All are divided into a number of states. The Raeti are believed to be people of Tuscan race driven out by the Gauls; their leader was named Raetus. Then, on the side of the Alps towards Italy, are the Euganean races having the Latin rights, whose towns listed by Cato number 34. Among these are the Triumpilini,? a people that sold themselves* together with their lands, and then the Camunni? and a number of similar peoples, assigned to the jurisdiction of the neighbouring municipal towns. Cato before men- tioned considers the Lepontii* and Salassi/ to be of Tauriscan origin, but almost all other authors give
99
The range of the Alps.
Alpine races.
13
c
136
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY arbitratur; ceteri fere Lepontios relictos ex comi- tatu Herculis interpretatione Graeci nominis credunt praeustis in transitu Alpium nive membris; eiusdem exercitus et Graios fuisse Graiarum Alpium incolas praestantesque genere JXuganeos, inde tracto no- mine; caput eorum Stoenos. Raetorum Vennonen- ses Sarunetesque ortus Rheni amnis accolunt, Lepontiorum qui Uberi vocantur fontem Rhodani eodem Alpium traetu. sunt praeterea Latio donati incolae, ut Octodurenses et finitimi Centrones, Cottianae civitates et Turi Liguribus orti, Vagienni Ligures et qui Montani vocantur, Capillatorumque plura genera ad confinium Ligustici maris.
Non alienum videtur hoc loco subicere inscrip- tionem c tropaeo Alpium, quae talis est:
Imp. Caesari divi filio Aug. pont. maz., imp. xiv, tr. pot. xvii, S. P. Q. IU, quod eius ductu auspiciisque gentes Alpinae omnes quae a mari supero ad inferum pertinebant sub imperium p. It. sunt redactae. Gentes Alpinae devictae Triumpilin, Camunni, | 'enostes,
* ' Lipontius,' from Aecro.
* The Little St. Bernard, under Mont Blanc; sco p. 90, note b.
© From evyévero: or eoyerets,
¢ In Cantons Valais and Vaud.
* Centron in Savoy.
/ Near Mont Cenis.
* Àn arch with a portion of this inscription remaining stood in fairly recent times near Nicaea in Albania.
^ Adopted son of his great-uncle Julius Caesar.
5 17 no,
§ Some of these are identifiable in the modern place-names : Venostes, Val Venosco; Isarchi, Val de Sarcho; Breuni, Val Bregna; Genaunes, Val d’Agno; Focunates, Vogogna; Licates, Augsburg on the Lech; Brixentes, Brixen; Seduni, Sion; Medulli, Maurienne ; Ucenni, Bourg d'Oysaus; Caturiges, 100
BOOK IIL. xx. 134-136
a Greek interpretation to their name and believe that the Lepontii are descended from companions of Hercules ‘left behind ' * beeause thcir limbs had been frostbitten in crossing the Alps; and that the inhabitants of the Graian® Alps were also Grai from the same band, and that the Euganci were of specially distinguished family, and took their name from that fact;^ and that the head of these arc the Stoeni. The Raetian tribes Vennones and Sarunetes live near the sources of the river Rhine, and the Lepontian tribe called the Uberi at the source of the Rhone in the same district of the Alps. There are also other native tribes that have received Latin rights; for instance, the Octodurenses? and their neighbours the Centrones, the Cottian states/ and the Turi of Ligurian descent, the Ligurian Vagienni and those called the Mountain Ligurians, and several tribes of Long-haired Ligurians on the borders of the Ligurian Sea.
It seems not out of place to append here the in- scription from the triumphal arch? erected in the Alps, whieh runs as follows:
To the Emperor Caesar, son” of the late lamented Augustus, Supreme Pontiff, in his fourteenth year of office as Commander-in-chief and seventeenth year! of Tribunitial Authority—erected by the Senate and People of Rome, to commemorate that under his leadership and auspices all the Alpine races stretching from the Adriatic Sea to the Mediterranean were brought under the dominion of the Roman people. Alpine races) conquered—the Triumpilint, Camunni,
Chorges; Brigiani, Briangon; Nemaloni, Miolans; Eguituri, Guiliaumes; Velauni, Bucil.
IOI
Arch of Nicaea.
137
138
139
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Vennonetes, Isarcht, Breuni, Genaunes, Focunates, Vindelicorum genies quattuor, Cosuanetes, Rucinates, Licates, Catenates, Ambisontes, Rugusct, Suanctes, Calucones, Brixentes, Leponti, Uberi, Nantuates, Sedunt, Varagrt, Salasst, Acttavones, Medulli, Ucenni, Caturiges, Brigiant, Sobionti, Drodionti, Nemaloni, Edenates, Vesubtant, Veamimi, Gallitae, Triullatt, Ecdini, Vergunni, Eguituri, Nematuri, Oratelli, Nerusi, Felaunt, Suetrt.
Non sunt adicctae Cottianae civitates xv quae non fuerant hostiles, item adtributac municipiis icze Pompcia.
Haec cst Italia dis sacra, hae gentes eius, haec oppida populorum; super haec Italia quac L. Aemilio Papo,! C. Atilio Regulo coss. nuntiato Gallico tumultu sola sine externis ullis auxiliis atque ctiam tunc sine Transpadanis equitum rxxx, peditum pce armavit. mctallorum omnium fertilitate nullis ccdit terris; sed interdictum id vetere consulto patrum Italiae parci iubentium.
XXI. Arsiae gens Liburnorum iungitur usque ad flumen Tityum. pars eius fucre Mentores, Himani, incheleac, Buni et quos Callimachus Peucctios appellat, nunc totum uno nomine Illyricum vocatur generatim. populorum pauca effatu digna aut facilia nomina. conventum Scardonitanum pctunt lapudes
! Edd.: Paulo.
» 225 p.c. tegulus fell in action. 102
BOOK III. xx. 137-xx1. 139
Venostes, Vennonetes, Isarcht, Breunt, Genaunes, Focunates, four tribes of the Vindelici, the Cosuanetes, Rucinates, Licates, Catenates, Ambisontes, Rugusct, Suanetes, Calucones, Brirentes, Leponti, Uberi, Nan- tuates, Sedunt, Varagrt, Salassi, Acitavones, Medulli, Ucenni, Caturiges, Brigiant, Sobionti, Brodtontt, Nemalont, Edenates, Vesubtant, Veamint, Gallitae, Ttullati, Ecdint, Vergunu, Egutturi, Nematurt, Oratelli, Nerust, Velaunt, Suetri.
This list does not include the 15 states of the Cottiani which had not shown hostility, nor those that were placed by the law of Pompeius under the jurisdiction of the municipal towns.
This then is Italy, a land sacred to the gods, and these are the races and towns of its peoples. More- over this is that Italy which, in the consulship 2 of Lucius Aemilius Papus and Gaius Atilius Regulus, on rcceipt of news of a rising in Gaul, single-handed and without any alien auxiliaries, and moreover at that date without aid from Gaul north of the Po, equipped an army of 80,000 horse and 700,000 foot. She is inferior to no country in abundance of mineral products of every kind; but mining is prohibited by an old resolution of the Senate forbidding the exploitation of Italy.
XXI. The race of the Liburni stretches from the Arsa to the river Tityus. Sections of it were the Mentores, Himani, Encheleae, Buni, and the people called by Callimachus the Peucetii, all of whom are now designated collectively by the one name of Hlyrians. Few of the peoples are worthy of mention, nor are their names easy to pronounce. To the jurisdiction of Seardona resort the Iapudes and the
103
N.E. coast of Adriatic.
140 Currictac.
14}
t2
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
et Liburnorum civitates xiv, ex quibus Lacinienses, Stulpinos, Durnistas, Olbonenses pigeat. ius Italicum habent co eonventu Alutae, llanates a quibus sinus nominatur, Lopsi, Varvarini, inmunesque Asseriates, et ex insulis Fertinates, Cetero per oram oppida a Nesactio Alvona, Flanona, Tarsatica, Senia, Lopsica, Orto- plinia, Vegium, Argyruntum, Corinium, Aenona,
nominare non
civitas Pasini, flumen Tedanium quo finitur Iapudia. insulae eius sinus cum oppidis praeter supra signifi- catas Absortium, Arba, Crexi, Gissa, Portunata. rursus in continente colonia Iader quae a Pola crx abest, inde xxx Colentum insula, xvitr ostium Titii fluminis.
XXII. Liburniae finis et initium Delmatiae Scar- dona in amne eo xii passuum a mari. dein Tario- larum antiqua regio ct castellum Tariona, promun- turium Diomedis vel, ut alii, paeninsula Hyllis circuitu c, Tragurium civium Romanorum marmore notum, Siculi in quem locum divus Claudius veteranos misit, Salona colonia ab Iader cxXir. petunt in eam iura viribus diseriptis in decurias cccxuri. Delmataei xxv Deuri, ccxxxix. Ditiones, cctLxix Maezaci, tm Sardeates. Tribulium, nobilitata proeliis castella.
in hoe tractu sunt Burnum, Andetrium, petunt et ex insulis Issaei, Colentini, Separi, Epetini. ab his
? Sinus Flanaticus, sce $ 129 note. > Capo di San Nicolo,
104
BOOK III. xxr. r39-xxi. 142 14 communities of the Liburni, of which it may not be tedious to name the Lacinienses, Stulpini, Burnistae and Olbonenses. In this jurisdiction states having Italic rights are the Alutae, the Flanates from whom the gulf? takes its name, the Lopsi, the Varvarini, the Asseriates who are exempt from tribute, and of the islands Berwitch and Karek. Moreover along the coast starting from Nesactium are Albona, Fianona, Tersact, Segna, Lopsico, Ortoplinia, Viza, Argyruntum, Carin, Nona, the city of the Pasini and the river Zermagna, at which Japudia terminates. The islands of the gulf with their towns are, besides the above specified, Absor- tium, Arba, Cherso, Gissa, Portunata. Again on the mainland is the colony of Zara, 160 miles from Pola, and 30 miles from it the island of Mortero, and 18 miles from it the mouth of the river Kerka. XXII. At the city of Seardona on the Kerka, 12 miles from the sea, Liburnia ends and Dalmatia begins. Then comes the ancient region of the Tariotares and the fortress of Tariona, the Promontory of Diomede, or as others name it the Peninsula of Hyllis, measuring 100 miles round, "Tragurium, a place possessing Roman citizenship and famous for its marble, Siculi where the late lamented Claudius sent a colony of ex-service men; and the colony of Spalato, 112 miles from Zara. Spalato is the centre for jurisdiction of the Delmataci whose forces are divided into 312 tithings, Deuri into 25 tithings, Ditiones into 239, Maezaei 269, Sardeates 52. In this district are Burnum, Andetrium and Tribulium, fortresses that are famous for battles. Island peoples also belonging to the same jurisdic- tion are the Issaeans, Colentini, Separi and Epetini.
105
Dalmatia.
143
144
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
castella Peguntium, Nareste, Onium, Narona colonia tertii conventus a Salona Lxxxv p., adposita cogno- minis sui fluvio a mari xx p. M. Varro rxxxix civitates eo ventitasse auctor est; nunc soli prope noscuntur Cerauni decuriis xxiv, Daursi xvir, Desitiates cir, Docleates xxxi, Deretini xiv, Deraemestae xxx, Dindari xxxi, Glinditiones xtiv, Melcumani xxiv, Naresi cu, Seirtari Lxxi, Siculotae xxiv, popula- toresque quondam Italiae Vardaei non amplius quam xx decuriis. praeter hos tenuere tractum eum Ozuaei, Partheni, lIlemasini, Arthitae, Armistae. a Narone amne € p. abest Epidaurum colonia. ab Epidauro sunt oppida civium Romanorum Rhizinium, Acruium, Butuanum, Olcinium quod antea Col- chinium dictum est a Colchis conditum, amnis Drino superque eum oppidum civium Romanorum Scodra a mari xviii; practerca multorum Graeciae oppidorum deficiens inemoria nec non et civitatium validarum: co namque tractu fuere Labeatae, Endirudini, Sasaei, Grabaei; propricque dicti Illyri et Taulanti et Pyraei. retinet! nomen in ora Nym- phaeum promunturium. Lissum oppidum civium Romanorum ab Epidauro c p.
XNIII. A. Lisso Macedonia provincia. gentes Partheni et a tergo corum Dassarctae, montes Candaviae a Dyrrachio ixxviii p., in ora vero Denda civium Romanorum, Epidamnum colonia propter
1 VL. retinent.
^ Now Mucarisea, * Capo Rodoni.
* Now Almissa. * Now Ragusa Vecchia.
106
BOOK III. xxii. 142-xxi. 145
After these come the fortresses of Peguntium,? Nareste ? and Onium, and the eolony of Narenta, the seat of the third centre, S5 miles from Spalato, situated on the river also called Narenta 20 miles from the sea. According to Mareus Varro 89 states used to resort to it, but now nearly the only ones known are the Cerauni with 24 tithings, the Daursi with 17, Desitiates 103, Docleates 33, Deretini 14, Deraemestae 30, Dindari 33, Glin- ditiones 44, Meleumani 24, Naresi 102, Scirtari 72, Sieulotae 24, and the Vardaei, once the ravagers of Italy, with not more than 20 tithings. Besides these this distriet was occupied by the Ozuaei, Partheni, Hemasini, Arthitae and Armistae. The colony of Épidaurum* is 100 miles distant from the river Naron. After Epidaurum come the following towns with Roman citizenship—Risine, Cattaro, Budua, Duleigno, formerly ealled Col- ehinium because it was founded by the Colehians; the river Drino, and upon it Scutari, a town with the Roman eitizenship, I8 miles from the sea; and also a number of Greek towns and also powerful cities of which the memory is fading away, this distriet having contained the Labeatae, Endirudini, Sasaei and Grabaei; and the Taulanti and the Pyraei, both properly styled Illyrians. The promontory of Nymphaeum ? on the coast still retains its name. Lissum, a town having the Roman eitizenship, is 100 miles from Epidaurum.
XXII. At Lissum begins the Provinee of Mace- donia. Its raees are the Partheni and in their rear the Dassaretae. The mountains of Candavia are 18 miles from Durazzo, and on tlie eoast is Denda, a town with Roman eitizenship, the colony of Epi-
107
West ccast of Mace- donia.
145
14i
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
inauspicatum nomen a Romanis Dyrrachium appellata, flumen Aous a quibusdam Aeas nominatum, Apol- lonia quondam Corinthiorum colonia Iv p. a mari rccedens, in finibus celebre Nymphacum Amantes et Buliones. oppidum Oricum a Colchis conditum. inde initium Epiri, montes Acroceraunia quibus hune MNuropae Oricum a Salentino Italiae
cuius
aecolunt barbari at in ora
determinavimus sinuin. promunturio distat Lxxx. AMALV.
fert magnus Hister, Ractis iunguntur Norici; oppida
A tergo Carnorum et Iapudum, qua se
eorum Virunum, Celeia, Teurnia, Aguntum, Iuvavum, Vianiomina, Claudia, Flavium Solvense. iunguntur lacus Peiso, deserta Boiorum; iam tamen eolonia divi Claudi Sabaria et oppido Searabantia Iulia habitantur.
Noricis
XXV. Inde glandifera Pannoniae, qua miteseentia Alpium iuga per medium Illyricum a septentrione ad meridiem versa molli in dextra ae laeva devexitate considunt. quae pars ad mare Iladriaticum spectat appellatur Delmatia et Illyricum supra dictum; ad septentriones Pannonia vergit: finitur inde Danuvio. in ca coloniae Aemona, Siscia. amnes clari et
navigabiles in Danuvium defluunt Draus e Noricis
* The Voioussa. 4 [n $ 97.
? Now Durazzo,
* Now Pollina,
* Promunturium Japygium, Perhaps the Neusiedler See near Vienna.
108
€ c Mm
BOOK III. xxi. 145-xxv. 147
damnum which, on aceount of the ill-omened sound of that name, has been renamed Dyrrachium? by the Romans, the river Aous,^ called by some Aeas, and the former Corinthian colony of Apollonia * 4 miles distant from the sea, in the territory of which is the famous Shrine of the Nymphs, with the neigh- bouring native tribes of the Amantes and Buliones. Actually on the eoast is the town of Ericho, founded by the Colehians. Here begins Epirus, with the Aeroceraunian mountains, at which we fixed? the boundary of this Gulf of Europe. The distance between Ericho and Cape Leuca* in ltaly is 80 miles.
XXIV. Behind the Carni and Iapudes, along the course of the mighty Danube, the Raetians are adjoined by the Noriei; their towns are Wolk-Markt, Ciley, Lurnfelde, Innichen, Juvavum, Vienna, Clausen, Solfeld. Adjoining the Norici is Lake Peiso,/ and the Unoceupied Lands of the Boii, now however inhabited by the people of Sarvar, a colony of his late Majesty Claudius, and the town of Sopron Julia.
AXV. Then come the acorn-producing lands of the province of Pannonia, where the chain of the Alps gradually becomes less formidable, and slopes to the right and left hand with gentle eontours as it traverses the middle of Illyria from north to south. ‘The part looking towards the Adriatic is ealled Dalmatia and Illyria mentioned above, while the part stretching northward is Pannonia, terminat- ing in that direction at the Danube. In it are the colonies of Aemona and Siseia. Famous navigable rivers flowing into the Danube are the Drave from Noricum, a rather violent stream, and the Save
109
Lpirus.
The Upper Danube.
Pannonia.
t 139
148
149
150
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
violentior, Saus ex Alpibus Carnicis plaeidior, cxx intervallo, Draus per Serretes, Sirapillos, lasos, Andizetes, Saus per Colapianos Breucosque. popu- lorum haec capita; praeterea Arviates, Azali, Amantini, Belgites, Catari, Cornaeates, Eraviscei, Hercuniates, Latovici, Oseriates, Vareiani, mons Claudius, cuius in fronte Scordisei, in tergo Taurisci. insula in Savo Metubarbis, amnicarum maxima. praeterea amnes memorandi Colapis in Saum influens iuxta Siseiam gemino alveo insulam ibi efficit quae Segestiea appellatur, alter amnis Bacun- tius in Saum Sirmio oppido influit, ubi civitas Sirmien- sium et Amantinorum. inde XLV Taurunum, ubi Danuvio miscetur Saus; supra influunt Valdasus, Urpanus, et ipsi non ignobiles.
XXVI. Pannoniae iungitur provincia quae Moesia appellatur, ad Pontum usque eum Danuvio decurrens; incipit a confluente supra dicto. in ea Dardani, Celegeri, Triballi, Timachi, Moesi, Thraces Pontoque eontermini Seythae. flumina clara e Dardanis Margus, Pingus, Timachus, ex Rhodope Oescus, ex Haemo Utus, Asamus, Ieterus.
Illyrici latitudo qua maxima est cccxxv p. colligit, longitudo a flumine Arsia ad flumen Drinium pxxx ; a Drinio ad promunturium Acroceraunium cLxxv Agrippa prodidit, universum autem sinum Italiae
* Despoto Dagh in the Balkan chain. > Tbe Great Balkan.
IIO
—
——
BOOK II. xxv. 147-xxvi. 150
from the Carnian Alps which is more gentle, there being a space of 120 miles between them; the Drave flows through the Serretes, Sirapilli, Iasi and Andizetes; the Save through the Colapiani and Breuci. These are the principal peoples; and there are besides the Arviates, Azali, Amantini, Belgites, Catari, Cornacates, Eravisci, Hercuniates, Latovici, Oseriates and Varciani, and Mount Claudius, in front of which are the Scordisci and behind it the Taurisci. In the Save is the island of Zagrabia, the largest known island formed by a river. Other noteworthy rivers are the Culpa, which flows into the Save near Siscia, where its channel divides and forms the island called Segestica, and another river the Bossut, flowing into the Save at the town of Sirmich, the capita] of the Sirmienses and Amantini. Irom Sirmich it is 45 miles to 'Tzeruinka, where the Save joins the Danube; tributaries flowing into the Danube higher up are the Walpo and the Verbas, themsclves also not inconsiderable streams.
XXVI. Adjoining Pannonia is the province called Moesia, which runs with the course of the Danube right down to the Black Sea, beginning at the con- fluence of the Danube and the Save mentioned above. Moesia contains the Dardani, Celegeri, Triballi, Timachi, Moesi, Thracians and Scythians adjacent to the Black Sea. Its famous rivers are the Morava, Bek and Timoch rising in the territory of the Dardani, the Iscar in Mount Rhodope ^ and the Vid, Osma and Jantra in Mount Haemus.^
Illyria covers 325 miles in width at its widest point, and 530 miles in length from the river Arsa to the river Drin; its length from the Drin to the Promon- tory of Glossa is given by Agrippa as 175 miles, and
III
The lower Danube,
S.E, coast of Adriatic iilyria.
151
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
et Illyrici ambitu |xviij. in co duo maria quo dis- tinximus fine, Ionium in prima parte, interius Hadriaticum quod Superum vocant.
Insulae in Ausonio mari practer iam dictas mem- oratu dignae nullae, in lonio paucae, Calabro litore ante Brundisium quarum obiectu portus efficitur, contra Apulum litus Diomedia conspicua monu- mento Diomedis ct altera codem nomine a qui- busdam Teutria appellata.
Ilyrici ora mille amplius insulis frequentatur, natura vadoso mari aestuariisque tenui alveo inter- cursantibus. clarae ante ostia Timavi ealidorum fontium cum aestu maris creseentium, iuxta Ilis- trorum agrum Cissa, Pullaria et Absyrtides Grais dictae a fratre Medeae ibi interfecto Absyrto.
152 iuxta eas Electridas vocavere in quibus proveniret
sucinum quod illi eleetrum appellant, vanitatis Graceae certissimum doeumentum, adeo ut quas earum designent haut umquam constiterit. contra lader est Lissa et quae appellatae, contra Liburnos Crateae aliquot nee pauciores Liburnicac, Celadus- sac, contra Surium Bavo et capris laudata Brattia, Issa civium Romanorum et cum oppido Pharia.
a ].e. the sea south of the Straits of Otranto, botween thc south of Italy and Greece,
^ South of the toc of Italy and east of Sicily.
* Now Tremiti.
4 Now Caprara.
* Bagni di Monte Falcone,
I12
BOOK III. xxvi. 150-152
the entire circuit of the Italian and Illyrian Gulf as 1700 miles. This gulf, delimited as we described it, contains two seas. in the first part the lonian? and more inland the Adriatic, called the Upper Sea.
There are no islands deserving mention in the Ausonian Sea? besides those already specified, and only a few in the lonian—those lying on the coast of Calabria off Brindisi and by their position forming a harbour, and Diomede's Island * off the eoast of Apulia, marked by the monument of Diomede, and another island 4 of the same name but by some called Teutria.
On the coast of Illyricum is a cluster of more than 1000 islands, the sea being of a shoaly nature and divided into a network of estuaries with narrow channels. ‘The notable islands are those off the mouth of the Timavo, fed by hot springs* that rise with the tide of the sea; Cissa near the territory of the Histri; and Pullaria and those called by the Greeks the Absyrtides, from Medea's brother Absyrtus who was killed there. Islands near these the Greeks have designated the Eleetrides, because amber, the Greek for which is electrum, was said to be found there; this is a very clear proof of Greek unreliability, seeing that it has never been ascer- tained which of the islands they mean. Opposite to the Zara are Lissa and the islands already mentioned; opposite the Liburni are several called the Crateae, and an equal number called the Libur- nieae and Celadussac; opposite Surium Bavo and Brattia, the latter celebrated for its goats, Issa with the rights of Roman eitizenship and Pharia, on which there is a town. 'wenty-five miles from Issa is the
113
$ 100.
Islands S. of Italy and in S.E. Adri- atic.
$140.
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
ab Issa Coreyra Melaena cognominata cum Cni- diorum oppido distat xxv, inter quam et Illyricum Melite, unde catulos Melitaeos appellari Callima- chus auctor est. xv ab ea vu Elaphites. in Ionio autem mari ab Orico xii! p. Sasonis piratica statione nota.
1 Brotier : MM.
* Now Curzola or Karkas; the Greek name ' Black Coreyra' is due to its pine forests. * More usually derived from the better-known Melite, Malta.
114
BOOK III. xxvr. 152
island called Corcyra Melaena,* with a town founded from Cnidos, and between Corcyra Melaena and Illyricum is Meleda, from which according to Calli- machus Maltese terriers get their name.’ Fifteen miles from Meleda are the seven Stag Islands," and in the Ionian Sea twelve? miles from Oricum is Sasena, notorious as a harbour for pirates.
* So called from their combined outlines, Giupan forming the head, Ruda the neck, Mezzo the body, Calemotta the haunches and Grebini or Petini the tail.
4 The MSS. give ' two.’
IIS
BOOK IV
VOL. TI,
LIBER IV
I. Tentius Europae sinus Acrocerauniis incipit montibus, finitur Hellesponto, amplectitur praeter minores sinus [xiX| Xxv passuum. in eo Epiros, Aear- nania, Aetolia, Phocis, Locris, Achaia, Messenia, Laconia, Argolis, Megaris, Attica, Boeotia, iterum- que ab alio mari eadem Phoeis et Locris, Doris, Phthiotis, Thessalia, Magnesia, Macedonia, Thracia. omnis Graeciae fabulositas sicut et litterarum claritas ex hoc primum sinu effulsit, quapropter paululum in eo commorabimur.
Epiros in universum appellata a Cerauniis incipit montibus. in ea primi Chaones a quibus Chaonia, dein Thesproti, Antigonenses, locus Aornos et pestifera avibus exhalatio, Cestrini, Perrhaebi quorum mons Pindus, Cassiopaei, Dryopes, Selloe, Hellopes, Molossi apud quos Dodonaei Iovis templum oraculo inlustre, Talarus mons centum fontibus circa radices Theopompo celebratus. Epiros ipsa ad Magnesiam Maeedoniamque tendens a tergo suo Dassaretas supra dictos, liberam gentem, mox feram Dardanos habet. Dardanis laevo Triballi praetenduntur latere
? The first half of this description enumerates the coastal countries of Greece beginning at the N.W. and going round the Peloponnese and up the E. coast as far as the Straits of Euripus between Euboca and the mainland; the second half of the list goes N. from that point and round the N. coast of the Aegean to the Dardanelles.
? "Aopros, ‘ without birds.’
118
BOOK IV
I. Tue third gulf of Europe begins at the Moun- tains of Khimarra and ends at the Dardanelles. Its coast-line measures 1925 miles not including smaller bays. It contains Epirus, <Acarnania, Aetolia, Phocis, Locris, Achaia, Messenia, Laconia, Argolis, Megaris, Attica and Boeotia; and again, on the side of the other sea, Phocis and Locris before-mentioned and Doris, Phthiotis, Thessaly, Magnesia, Macedonia and Thraces All the legendary lore of Greece and likewise its glorous literature first shone forth from this gulf; and consequently we will briefly dwell upon it.
Epirus in the wide sense of the term begins at the Mountains of Khimarra. The peoples that it con- tains are first the Chaones who give their name to Chaonia, and then the Thesproti and Antigonenses; then comes the place called Aornos* with exhalations that are noxious to birds, the Cestrini, the Perrhaebi to whom belongs Mount Pindus, the Cassiopaei, the Dryopes, the Selloi,the Hellopes,the Molossi in whose territory is the temple of Zeus of Dodona, famous for its oracle, and Mount Talarus, celebrated by ‘Theo- pompus, with a hundred springs at its foot. Epirus proper stretches to Magnesia and Macedonia, and has at its back the Dassaretae above mentioned, a free race, and then the savage tribe of the Dardani. On the left side of the Dardani stretch the Triballi
119
Greece and the north coast of the Aegean.
NW. coast of Greece,
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
et Moesicae genics, a fronte iunguntur Medi ae Denseletae, quibus Threees ad . Pontum usque pertinentes. ita succincta Rhodopes, mox et Iaemi, vallatur excelsitas. in Epiri ora castellum in Acro- ecrauniis Chimera, sub co Aquae Regiae fons, oppida Maeandria, Cestria, flumen — Thesprotiae Thyamis, colonia Buthrotum, maximeque nobilitatus Ambracius sinus, p passuum faucibus spatiosum aequor accipiens, longitudinis xxxvii, latitudinis xv. in eum defertur amnis Acheron e laeu Thesprotiac Acherusia profluens xxxv passuum inde et mille pedum ponte mirabilis omnia sua mirantibus. in sinu oppidum Ambracia, Molossorum flumina Aphas, Aratthus, civitas Anactoriea, locus Pandosiae. Acarnauiae, quae antea Curctis vocabatur, oppida leraclia, Echinus, et in ore ipso colonia Augusti Actium cum templo Apollinis nobili ae civitatc libera Nieopolitana. egressos sinu Ainbracio in Ionium excipit Leucadium litus, promunturium Leueates, dein sinus et Leucadia ipsa paeninsula quondam Neritis appellata, opere aecolarum abscisa continenti ae reddita ventorum flatu congeriem harenae adtumulantium, qui locus vocatur Dioryctos stadiorum longitudine trium ; oppidum in ea Leucas, quondam Neritum dictum. | deinde Aearnanum urbes
? 'This now gives its name to the rango. > Now the Calama. * Now an island, Sauta Maura.
120
BOOK IV. r. 5-5
and the Moesic races, and joining them in front are the Medi and the Denseletae, and joining these the Thraeians who extend all the way to the Black Sea. Such is the girdle that walls in the lofty heights of Despoto Dagh and then of the Great Balkan. Onthe coast of Epirus is the fortress of Khimarra * on the Acroceraunians, and below it the spring named the Royal Water and the towns of Maeandria and Cestria, the Thesprotian river Thyamis,® the colony of Batrints, and the very celebrated Gulf of Arta, whose inlet, half a mile wide, admits an extensive sheet of sensor, 37 miles long and 15 miles broad. Into it discharges the river Acheron flowing from the Acherusian Lake in Thesprotia, a course of 35 miles, and remarkable in the eves of people who admire all the achieve- ments of their own race for its 1000-foot bridge. On the gulf lies the town of Ambracia, and there are the Molossian rivers Aphas and Arta, the city of Anactoria and the place where Pandosia stood. The towns of Acarnania, which was previously called Curetis, are IIeraclia, Echinus, and, on the actual coast, the colony founded by Augustus, Act- ium, with the famous temple of Apollo, and the free city of Nicopolis. Passing from the Gulf of Ambracia into the Ionian Sea we come to the coast of Leucadia and Capo Dueato, and then to the gulf and the actual peninsula* of Leucadia, formerly called Neritis, which by the industry of its inhabitants was once cut off from the mainland and which has been restored to it by the mass of sand piled up against it by the violence of the winds; the place has a Greek name meaning ‘ canalized,’ and is 600 yards long. On the peninsula is the town of Leucas, formerly ealled Neritus. Then come the Acarnanian cities of Alyzia,
I2I
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Alyzia, Stratos, Argos Amphiloehicum cognomina tum, amnis Achclous e Pindo fluens atque Acarnaniam ab Aetolia dirimens et Artemitam insulam adsiduo terrae invectu continenti adnectens.
II. Aetolorum populi Athamanes, Tymphaci, Ephyri, Acnienses, Perrhaebi, Dolopes, Maraces, Atraces, a quibus Atrax amnis Ionio mari infunditur. Actoliae oppidum Calydon vii D passuum a mari iuxta. Evenum amnem, dein Macynia, Molyeria, cuius a tergo Chalcis mons et Taphiassus. at in ora promunturium Antirrium, ubi ostium Corin- thiaei sinus minus M p. latitudine influentis Actolos- que dirimentis a Peloponneso. promunturium quod contra procedit appellatur Rhion, sed in Corinthio sinu oppida Aetoliac Naupactus, Eupalimna, et in mediterraneo Pleuron, Halicarna. montes clari in Dodone Tomarus, in Ambracia Crania, in Acarnania Aracynthus, in Actolia Achaton, Panaetolium, Macynium.
I!I. Proxumi Aetolis Locri cognominantur Ozolae, immunes. oppidum Oeanthe, portus Apollinis Pha- estii, sinus Crisaeus; intus oppida Argyna, Eupalia, Phaestum, Calamisus. ultra Cirrhaei Phocidis cam- pi, oppidum Cirrha, portus Chalaeon, a quo vii p. introrsus liberum oppidum Delphi sub monte Parnaso clarissimi in terris oraeuli Apollinis. fons Castalius, amnis Cephisus praefluens Delphos, ortus in Lilaea
* ' Strong-smelling '—so called either from their wearing undressed hides or from the asphodel growing in their country or from its vaporous springs.
122
BOOK IV. r. 5-ur. 8
Stratos, and Argos surnamed Amphilochian, and the river Achelous flowing from Mount Pindus and separating Acarnania from Aetolia; the continual deposits of earth that it brings down are linking the island of Artemita to the main land.
II. The Aetolian peoples are the Athamanes, Tymphaei, Ephyri, Aenienses, Perrhaebi, Dolopes, Maraces and Atraces in whose district is the source of the river Atrax that flows into the Ionian Sea. The towns of Aetolia are Calydon on the river Evenus seven miles and a half from the sea, and then Macynia and Molycria, behind which are Mount Chalcis and Taphiassus. On the coast is the Promontory of Antirrhium, at which is the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth, less than a mile broad, whose channel separates the <Aetolians from the Morea. The promontory that juts out opposite is called Rhium. Aetolian towns on the Gulf of Corinth are Lepanto, Eupalimna, and inland Pleuron and Halicarna. Notable mountains are Tomarus in the district of Dodona, Crania in Ambracia, Aracynthus in Acarn- ania, and Achaton, Panaetolium and Macynium in Aetolia.
III. Next to the Aetolians are the Locrians, sur- named Ozolae,* who are exempt from tribute. Here are the town of Oeanthe, the harbour of Apollo Phaestius and the gulf of Salona; and inland the towns of Argyna, Eupalia, Phaestum and Calamisus. Beyond are the Cirrhaean Plains of Phocis, the town of Cirrha and the port of Chalaeon, seven miles inland from which is Delphi, a free town at the foot of Mount Parnassus and the seat of the oracle of Apollo, the most famous in the world. Here are the Castalian Spring and the river Cephisus flowing past Delphi;
123
North side of Gulf of
Corinth.
1(
je
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
urbe. quondam praeterea oppidum Crisa et eum Bulensibus Antieyra, Naulochum, Pyrrha, Amphisa immunis, Tithrone, Tithorea, Ambrysus, Mirana, quae regio Daulis appellatur. deinde in intumo sinu angulus Boeotiae adluitur cum oppidis Siphis, Thebis quae Corsiae cognominatae sunt iuxta montem Heliconem. tertium ab hoc mari Boeotiae oppidum Pagae, unde Peloponnesi prosilit cervix.
IV. Peloponnesus, Apia antca appellata et Pelas- gia, paeninsula haut ulli terrae nobilitate postferenda, inter duo maria Aegaeum et Ionium, platani folio similis, propter angulosos reccssus circuitu prxiii p. colligit auctore Isidoro; eadem per sinus paene tantundem adicit. angustiae unde procedit Isthmos appellantur. in eo loco inrumpentia e diverso quae dicta sunt maria a septentrione et exortu eius omnem ibi latitudinem vorant, donee contrario incursu tantorum aequorum in quinque milium passuum intervallum exesis utrimque lateribus angusta cervice Peloponnesum contineat Hellas. Corinthiacus hinc, illine Saronicus appellatur sinus; Lecheac hinc, Cenchreae illine angustiarum termini, longo et ancipiti navium ambitu quas magnitudo plaustris transvehi prohibet, quam ob causam per-
? The modern name Morea means ‘ like a mulberry leaf.’
^ 'This common noun, meaning a neck of land, came to be attached as a proper name to the neck joining the Morea to Central Greece.
* The harbour of Corinth.
¢ The harbour on the Gulf of Egina.
124
BOOK IV. nti. 8-1v. 10
it rises at the city of Lilaea. There was also formerly the town of Crisa, and together with the people of Bulis there are Anticyra, Naulochus, Pyrrha, the tax-free town of Salona, Tithrone, Tithorea, Ambrysus and Mirana, the district also called Daulis. Then right up the bay is the sea-board corner of Bocotia with the towns of Siphae and Thebes surnamed the Corsian, near Mount Helicon. The third town of Boeotia up from this sea is Pagac, from which projects the neck of the Morea.
IV. The Peloponnese, which was previously called Apia and Pelasgia, is a peninsula inferior in celebrity to no region of the earth. It lies between two seas, the Aegean and the Ionian, and resembles in shape the leaf of a plane-tree?; on account of the angular indentations the circuit of its coast-line, according to Isidore, amounts to 563 miles, and nearly as much again in addition, measuring the shores of the bays. The narrow neck of land from which it projects is called the Isthmus.’ At this place the two seas that have bcen mentioned en- croach on opposite sides from the north and east and swallow up all tlie breadth of the peninsula at this point, until in consequenee of the inroad of such large bodies of water in opposite directions the coasts on either side have been eaten away so as to leave a space betwcen them of only five miles, with the result that the Morea is only attached to Greece by a narrow neck of land. The inlets on either side are called the Gulf of Lepanto and the Gulf of Egina, the former ending in Lecheae* and the latter in Cenchreac.¢ The circuit of the Morea is a long and dangerous voyage for vessels prohibited by their size from being carried across the
125
Isthmus of Corinth.
1
-—
13
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
fodere navigabili alveo angustias eas temptavere Demetrius rex, dictator Caesar, Gaius princeps, Domitius Nero, nefasto, ut omnium exitu patuit, incepto. in medio hoc intervallo quod Isthmon appellavimus adplicata colli habitatur colonia Corin- thus antea Ephyra dicta sexagenis ab utroque litore stadiis, e summa sua arce quae vocatur Acrocorinthos, in qua fons Pirene, diversa duo maria prospectans. LX3Xvil p. ad Corinthiacum sinum traiectus est Patras a Leucade. Patrae, colonia in longissimo promunturio Peloponnesi condita ex adverso Actoliae et fluminis Eveni, minus w p., ut dictum est, intervallo in ipsis faucibus sinum Corinthiacum xxxv in longitudinem usque ad Isthmon transmittunt.
V. Achaiae nomen provinciae ab Isthmo incipit. antca Aegialos vocabatur propter urbes in litore per ordinem dispositas. primac ibi quas diximus Lecheae Corinthiorum portus, mox Olyros Pellenacorum castellum, oppida Helice, Bura, in quae refugere haustis prioribus, Sicyon, Acgira, Acgium, Erineos, intus Cleonae, Hysiae. Panhormus portus demonstra- tumque iam Rhium, a quo promunturio v absunt Patrae quas supra memoravimus, locus Pherae.
? The project was renewcd in 1889 and completed in 1893, without disastrous results except to the finances of the original promoters. The canal is about four miles long.
* Originally the district of Phthia in the south of Thessaly had this name.
* "The Sea-coast.
5 Headquarters of the old Achacan League.
* Owing to an earthquake in 373 n.c.
126
BOOK IV. rmv. 10-v. 13
isthmus on trolleys, and consequently successive attempts were made by King Demetrius, Caesar the dictator and the emperors Caligula and Nero, to dig a ship-canal through the narrow part—an undertaking which the end that befell them all proves to have been an act of sacrilege.¢ In the middle of this neck of land which we have called the Isthmus is the colony of Corinth, the former name of which was Ephyra; its habitations cling to the side of a hill, 13 miles from the coast on either sidc, and the top of its citadel, called the Corinthian Heights, on which is the spring of Pirene, commands views of the two seas in opposite directions. The distance across the Isthmus from Leucas to Patras on the Gulf of Corinth is 88 miles. The colony of Patras is situated on the longest projection of the Peloponnese opposite to Aetolia and the river Evenus, separated from them at the actual mouth of the gulf by a gap of less than
Canal.
a mile, as has been said; but in length the Gulf of ts.
Corinth extends 85 miles from Patras to the Isthmus.
V. At the Isthmus begins the province named Achaia.’ It was previously called Aegialos* on account of the cities situated in a row on its coast. "The first place there is Lecheae the port of Corinth, already mentioned, and then come Olyrus the fortress of the people of Trikala, and the towns of Helice ? and Bura, and those in which their inhabitants took refuge when the former towns were swallowed up by the sea, namely Basilica, Palaeokastro, Vostitza and Artotina. Inland are Klenes and Hysiae. Then come the port of Tekieh and Rhium already described, the distance between which promontory and Patras which we have mentioned above is five miles ; and then the place called Pherae. Of the nine mountains in
127
Morca.
16
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
in Achaia novem montium Scioessa notissimus, fons Cymothoe. ultra Patras oppidum Olenum, colonia Dyme, loca Buprasinm, Ilyrmine, promunturium Araxus, Cyllenius sinus, promunturium Chelonates unde Cyllenen ¥ p., castellum Phlium, quae regio ab Homero Aracthyrea dicta est, postea Asopis.
Inde Eliorum ager, qui antea Epioe vocabantur. ipsa Elis in mediterraneo, ct a Pylo xiii intus delu- brum Olympii Iovis, ludorum claritate fastos Graeciae complexum, Pisaeorum quondam oppidum, prace- fluente Alpheo amne. Ichthys, vi—oppida Aulon, Leprium, promunturium Platanodes, omnia
at in ora promunturium amnis — Alpheus—navigatur liaec ad occasum versa. ad meridiem autem Cyparis- sius sinus cum urbe Cyparisso Lixxv circuitu, oppida Pylos, Methone, locus Hclos, promunturium Acritas, sinus Asinaeus ab oppido Asine, Coronaeus a Corone; finiuntur Taenaro promunturio. ibi regio Messenia duodeviginti montium, amnis Pamisus, intus autem ipsa Messene, Ithome, Oechalia, Arcne, Pteleon, Thryon, Dorion, Zancle, variis quaeque clara tem- poribus. huius sinus circuitus LXXX, traiectus vero
Dehine a Taenaro ager Laconicus liberae gentis et sinus circuitu cvi, traiectu xxvi. oppida
* ]liad, II. 57. ? Destroyed by the Eleans in 572 n.c.
BOOK IV. v. 13-16
Achaia the best known is Scioessa ; and there is also thespring of Cymothoe. Beyond Patras is the town of Kato-Achaia, the colony of Dyme, the places called Buprasium and Hyrmine, the promontory of Capo Papa, the Bay of Cyllene, the promontory of Cape Tornese 5 miles from Cyllene, the fortress of Phlius, the district round which was called Araethyrea by Homer? and afterwards Asopis.
Then begins the territory of the Eleans, who were formerly called the Epioi. Elis itself is in the interior, and 13 miles inland from Pilo is the shrine of Zeus of Olympus, which owing to the celebrity of its Games has taken possession of the calendar of Greece; here once was the town of Pisa,® on the banks of the river Rufia. On the coast are the promontory of Katakolo, the river Rufia, navigable for 6 miles, the towns of Aulon and Leprium, and the promontory of Platanodes, all these places lying west- ward. Southward are the Gulf of Cyparissus with the city of Cyparissus on its shore, which is 75 miles round, the towns of Pilo and Modon, the place called Helos, the promontory of Capo Gallo, the Asinaean Gulf named from the town of Asine, and the Coronaean named from Corone; the list ends with the promon- tory of Cape Matapan. Here is the territory of Messenia with its 18 mountains, and thc river Pyr- natza; and inland, the city of Messene, Ithome, Oechalia, Sareni, Pteleon, Thryon, Dorion and Zancle, all of them celebrated at different periods. The gulf measures 80 miles round and 30 miles across.
At Cape Matapan begins the territory of the free nation of Laconia, and the Laconian Gulf, whieh measures 106 miles round and 38 miles across. The
129
Sparta.
17
18
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY Taenarum, Amyclae, Pherae, Leuctra, et intus Sparta, Therapne, atque ubi fuere Cardamyle, Pitane, Anthea, locus Thyrea, Gerania, mons Taygetus, amnis Eurotas, sinus Acgilodes, oppidum Psamathus, sinus Gytheates ab oppido ex quo Cretam insulam certissimus cursus. omnes autem Maleo promunturio includuntur.
Qui sequitur sinus ad Sceyllaeum — Argolicus appellatur, traiectu L, idem ambitu crx. oppida Boea, Epidaurus Limera cognomine, Zarax, Cyphans portus. amnes Inachus, Erasinus, inter quos Argos Hippium cognominatum supra locum Lernen a mari MM, novemque additis milibus Mycenae et ubi fuisse Tiryntha tradunt et locus Mantinea. montes Artemisius, Apesantus, Asterion, Parparus aliique xi numero; fontes Niobe, Amymone, Psamathe.
A Scyllaco ad Isthmum rxxx p. oppida Hermione, Troezen, Coryphasium, appellatumque alias Inachium alias Dipsium Argos; portus Schoenitas, sinus Saronicus olim querno nemore redimitus, unde nomen ita Graecia antiqua appellante quercum. in eo Epi- daurum oppidum Aesculapi delubro celebre, Spiraeum promunturium, portus Anthedus et Bucephalus et quas supra dixeramus Cenchreac, Isthmi pars altera cum delubro Neptuni quinquennalibus incluto ludis.
* This recurring use of locus may imply that the town of the name had disappeared, though this is more explicitly stated in other cases.
> From its breed of horses. * Now the Gulf of Egina,
4 Yapanibes, ai dea ,raAaiórqra Kexnvviai dpves, Hesychius; capwvidas, Spus, dia TO ceonpdra xai avveaTpaujiévov róv. dÀoiov €£x«v, Schol. ad. Callimachum Jov. 22 4 moddas é$imepÜüe capwridas,
‘ A mistake: the Isthmian, like the Nemean, Games were every two years: cf. ravpodóvw rprernpi&s, Pindar, Nem. VI. 40.
130
DOOK IV. v. 16-18
towns are Kimaros, Ainyclae, Chitries, Levtros, and inland Sparta, Therapne, the sites of the former Cardamyle, Pitane and Anthea, the place called 4 Thyrea, Gerania, the mountain range of Pente Dactyli, the river Niris, the Gulf of Scutari, the town of Psamathus, the Gulf of Gytheum called from the town of that name, from which is the safest crossing to the island of Crete. Allthese places are bounded by the promontory of Capo Sant’ Angelo.
The bay that comes next, extending to Capo Skyli, is called the Gulf of Nauplia; it is 50 miles across and 162 miles round. The towns on it are Boea, Epidaurus surnamed Limera, Zarax, and the port of Cyphanta. The rivers are the Banitza and the Kephalari, between which lies Argos surnamed Hippium,’ above the place called Lerne, two miles from the sea, and nine miles further on Mycenae and the traditional site of Tiryns and the place called Mantinea. The mountains are Malvouni, Fuka, Asterion, Parparus and others numbering eleven; the springs, Niobe, Amymone and Psamathe.
From Capo Skyli to the Isthmus of Corinth is 80 miles. The towns are Hermione, Troezen, Cory- ? phasium and Argos, sometimes called Inachian Argos and sometimes Dipsian; then comes the harbour of Schoenitas, and the Saronic Gulf, formerly encircled with oak woods from which it takes its name, this being the old Greek word for an oak.4 On it is the town of Epidaurus famous for its shrine of Aescula- pius; the promontory of Capo Franco; the ports of Anthedus and Bucephalus, and that of Cenchrcae mentioned above, on the south side of the Isthmus, with the temple of Poseidon, famous for the Isthmian Games celebrated there every four* years.
131
Gulf of Argos.
on
19
t5 t2
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY
Tot sinus Peloponnesi oram lancinant, tot maria adlatrant, siquidem a septentrione Ionium inrumpit, ab occidente Siculo pulsatur, a meridie Cretico urguetur, ab oriente brumali Aegaeo, ab oriente solstitiali Myrtoo quod a Megarico incipiens sinu totam Atticen adluit.
V]. Mediterranea eius Arcadia maxime tenct undique a mari remota, initio Drymodes, mox Pelasgis appellata. oppida eius Psophis, Mantinea, Stymphalum, Tegea, Antigonea, Orchomenum, Phe- neum, Pallantium unde Palatium omae, Megale Polis, Gortyna, Bucolium, Carnion, Parrhasie, Thcl- pusa, Melacnae, Heraea, Pylac, Pallene, Agrae, Epium, Cynaethae, Lepreon Arcadiae, Parthenium, Alea, Methydrium, Enispe, Macistum, Lampia, Clitorium, Cleonae. inter quae duo oppida regio Nemea est Bembinadia vocitata. montes in Arcadia Pholoe cum oppido, item Cyllene, Lycaeus in quo Lycaei lovis delubrum, Maenalus, Artemisius, Par- thenius, Lampeus, Nonacris, praeterque ignobiles vir. amnes Ladon e paludibus Phenei, Erymanthus e monte eiusdem nominis in Alpheum defluens. reliquae civitates in Achaia dicendae Alipheraei, Abeatae, Pyrgenses, Paroreatae, Paragenitae, Tor- tuni, Typanei, Thriusi, Tritienses. universae Achaiae
* Apupwodns, ' wooded.’
* J.e. Mantinca, which was taken and partly destroyed by Aratus, and renamed after Antigonus Doson, who had assisted him and who restored it.
* There was another place of the same name in Elis.
? From the village of Bembina there.
132
m, m
BOOK IV. v. 19-v1. 22
So many are the bays that pierce the coast of the Peloponnese, and so many seas how] round it, inas- much as it is invaded on the north by the Ionian Sea, lashed on the west by the Sicilian, and beset by the Cretan on the south, by the Aegean on the south-east and on the north-east by the Myrtoan which starting at the Gulf of Megara washes the whole coast of Attica.
VI. Most of the interior of the Peloponnese is oecupied by Areadia, which on every side is remote from the sea; it was originally called Drymodes,¢ and later Pelasgis. Its towns are Psophis, Mantinea, Stymphalus, Tegea, Antigonea? Orehomenus, Pheneus, Pallantium (from which the Palatium at Rome gets its name), Megalopolis, Gortyna, Buco- lium, Carnion, Parrhasia, "Thelpusa, Melaenae, Heraea, Pylae, Pallene, Agrae, l:pium, Cynaethae, Lepreon in Areadia,¢ Parthenium, Alea, Methy- drium, Enispe, Macistum, Lampia, Clitorium and Cleonae. Between the last two towns is the district of Nemea commonly called Dembinadia.? The mountains in Areadia are Pholoe, with a town of the same name, Cyllene also with a town, Lycaeus on which is the shrine of Zeus Lyeaeus, Maenalus, Artemisius, Parthenius, Lampeus, Nonaeris, and also eight others of no note. The rivers are the Landona flowing from the marshes of Fonia and the Dogana flowing down from the mountain of the same name into the Alpheus. The remaining states in Achaia deserving of mention are those of the Ali- pheraei, Abeatae, Pyrgenses, Paroreatae, Para- genitae, Tortuni, Typanei, Thriusi and Tritienses. Freedom was given to the whole of Achaia by
* This and the six following are now named Olono, Zyria, Nomiai, Roinon, Turniki, Partheni, Zembi.
133
Interior of Jforea,
24
PLINY: NATURAL HISTORY libertatem Domitius Nero dedit. Peloponnesus in latitudinem a promunturio Maleae ad oppidum Aegium Corinthiaci sinus cxc ‘XC patet, at in transver- sum ab Elide Epidaurum cxxv, ab Olympia Argos per Areadiam rxvin; ab eodem loco ad Pylum iam dicta mensura est.! universa autem, velut pensante aequorum incursus natura, in montes vi atque Lxx attollitur.
VII. Ab Isthmi angustiis Hellas incipit, a nostris Graecia appellata. in ea prima Attice, antiquitus Acte voeata. attingit Isthmum parte sui quae appellatur Megaris ab colonia Megara, e regione Pagarum. duo haec oppida excurrente Peloponneso sita sunt, utraque ex parte velut in umeris Helladis, Pagaei et amplius Aegosthenenses contributi Mega- rensibus. in ora autem portus Schoenos, oppida Sidous, Cremmyon, Seironia saxa vi longitudine, Gerania, Megara, Eleusin; fuere et Oenoe et Probalinthos. nunc sunt ab Isthmo iv Piraeeus et Phalera portus muro v ? recedentibus Athenis iuneti. libera haec civitas, nee indiga ullius praeeonii amplius, tanta claritas superfluit. in Attica fontes Cephisia, Larine, Callirroe Enneaerunos, montes Brilessus, Acgialeus, Iearius, Hymettus, Lycabettus,
1 (ab eodem loeo . . . mensura est]? Rackham.
1 Rackham: v muro.
? Nero gave up his family name of Domitius when adopted by Claudius to succeed him as Emperor.
> Viz. in 814; but this irrelevant insertion looks like an interpolation. The measurements of the Peloponnese are given from south to north and then from west to east, first at the widest point and afterwards farther south at the level of the Gulf of Nauplia.
134
BOOK IV. vr. 22-vir. 24
Domitius Nero. The Peloponnese measures 190 miles across from Cape Malea to the town of Vostitza on the Gulf of Corinth, and in the other direction 125 miles from Elis to Epidauros and 68 miles from Olympia through Arcadia to Argos. (The distance between Olympia and Pylos has been given already.^) Nature has compensated for the inroads of the sea by the mountainous character of the entire region, there being 76 peaks in all.
VII. At the narrow part of the Isthmus begins Hellas, called in our language Greece. In this the first region is Attica, named in antiquity Acte. It touches the Isthmus with the part of it named Megaris, from Megara, the colony on the opposite side of the Isthmus from Pagae. These two towns are situated where the Peloponnese projects, and stand on either side of the Isthmus, as it were on the shoulders of Hellas, Pagae and also Aegosthena * being assigned