DECEMBER 1985

Ad APIRNBLECSINEDRIRCUSERS' GROUP, As

PUBLISHER & COED EDITOR Lonnie Peaaei % DOUG DEWEY Bill Roberts 206 JAMES ST VOLU : pomiai CARRBORO, NC 27510 NOBBE RF CONTENTS

2068 Notes: A Tutorial

on Machine Code Programmimg, part 8 A Letter from Edward W. Loxterkamp Bank Switching for the ZX 81 Aerco Disk Drive Review

OWN &

**k WELCOMESSS In this issue and future issues, we will begin to take a look at some of the mass storage devices available for the 2068. Our frist look is on the Aerco Dick Drive. Part 2 of Paul Hunter’s Bank Switching article is also inside. Enjoy!

2068 Notes: A Tutorial on Machine Code Programming, Part 9 by Dick Scoville

2618 DATA ” add record”,” £ de Lete record”, 3 revise record”, “ 4 ScCan”",” 5 s€¢arch”,” 6 S€arth 7 atphabetize”,” & stat iS print” ,.“i4 new 2"35 exit”

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REHM inmitiatlizstion, etc

ZX suggest that you tupe all GF this iff--assuming GF Course that Your machine—-cad& editing Facilities are at5G inmstatied.

GOTO S66, then GOTG mn.

NOW YOU Can Ste Ghat GUr JyGb if. The Only Opticon that Works at this Point is i5--ex:it!

YOU ProObsabty shoutid Write GPtion i2 now, because this art: Cle Might be too iang ta go through iff Ghee s:tting.

In order tG& get option i Going we’ ll need some machine code routines. Here sf@ some oF them, atong with the sddresses at Which they begin:

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Edward W. Loxterkamp

BANK SWITCHING FOR THE ZXx81

Faul Hunter

FART

In this section the various options in the menu of the BSOS (bank switching operating system) will be discussed.

SAVEs This routine copies a program, or part of a program, from the system

to the designated bank. Start execution of BSOS and choose option 1, The prompt which appears on the screen requests a name and extension for the file The filename can be up to eleven characters (any characters including spaces) in length. The period separating the name and the extension should not be entered. The extension, mentioned briefly last week, ust begin with the letters P (for program), V (for variables), D (for display), or T (for a total system). If you make an error while entering the name, pressing the delete key will clear the name and allow you to start over, If the extension is invalid then a message to that effect will appear.

The screen will then prompt for confirmation giving you a chance to abort the save at this point (the response is A for abort or S for save). Then, if the file has a V¥, D, or T extension, the save will proceed. If the file has a P (program) extension then the screen will prompt for a starting line nu@ber and an ending line number (inclusive). Actual line numbers can be entered or S can be entered for the first line and E can be entered for the last line. If you want to save the entire program then A (for all) can be entered. The screen will display the address at which the file has been stored in the bank and it will also display the size of the file. A prompt to continue will be placed on the screen -- pressing any key will return you to the main wenu, If there isn't enough room in the bank to store the desired file then a message to that effect will result.

Incidentally, single character responses like those in answer to prompts such as: EXECUTE SAVE (S) OR ABORT (A); PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE; ENTER LETTER (A TO Q) OF FILE:; (FLAG OR (U)NFLAG? do not require that you press enter -- in fact you shouldn't, On the other hand, prompts that demand a multiple character response such as “ENTER "FILENANE.EXT":" or “LAST LINE OR (E)ND:" require an enter at the end to indicate to the system that the entry is complete. In this case the entry can always be cleared, and restarted, by pressing the delete key.

PURGE: Choosing option 3 will cause the message “PURGE (FLAG)” to appear on

the screen. This option does not actually do the purge of the file but merely flags the file for extinction when the bank is repacked, This gives you a chance to change your mind later. The next message is the prompt “(F)LAG OR (U)NFLAG?". Entering “F" will cause the flag to be placed on the file and the response “U" will cause the flag to be removed. Next you must select the file to be flagged or unflagged. The message “ENTER LETTER (A TO Q) OF FILE: "1" WILL REDISPLAY DIRECTORY" will appear on the screen. Entering the letter of the file will cause that particular file to be flagged (with a P in the last column) or unflagged (the P is removed).

RECLAIM: Option 4 is the RECLAIM routine. This routine allows you to delete all the variables resident in the system (ie. it executes CLEAR) or delete all or part of a program resident in the system. The same prompt encountered in the SAVE routine 15 displayed allowing you to specify the line range to be deleted. Again, S is a shorthand notation for the first line in the program, — represents the last line, and A represents the entire program range.

The RECLAIM option allows you to delete one subroutine to make room for another. This was illustrated in the example last month.

PACK: The PACK option is the routine that actually performs the purge of a

file in the bank. The routine identifies the files to be remaved and deletes them by moving subsequent files down in memory. The directory is brought up to date and the addresses recalculated. This last step is done on the screen display file in SLOW mode and you can watch the addresses being updated. After the update, the screen will flicker as the display file is saved.

LOAD: The LOAD routine does the reverse of the SAVE routine. When response

2 is chosen from the main menu, the screen will prompt for the letter in the directory corresponding to the file required. If you forget what letter corresponds to which file then pressing 2 will redisplay the directory. Then you can enter 2 again and execute the load.

The program or routine will execute automatically upon loading -- this 15 sometimes a desirable feature, other times it 15 not. BASIC commands at the beginning of a stored program can be used to direct the operation (eg a STOP will prevent execution).

Loading a variables file will have no immediate effect although 1¢ you print a variable you will indeed see that the new variable has been added, Variable names should not be duplicated.

This routine prompts for a new bank (0, 1, 2, or 4) in the 48K to 64k region. The proper signal is sent to the memory manager board to

disable the current bank and enable the new one. The directory of the new bank

is then displayed. This is another routine that can be called from within a

machine language or BASIC program allowing the bank-switching operation to be

transparent to a user.

BANKS

This 15 a Simple routine that tells the user how much room is left in the currently-enabled bank. This routine is used automatically by the SAVE routine to determine if there is enough room for the program lines within the bank,

RQON:

The default option (any key other than 1 through 7 does the same thing. A return is made to BASIC.

Quit:

Iry saving and reloading some sample programs or subroutines to get an idea of tow the system works. Do the same thing with different variables files. You'll fund that saving variables and subroutines will be your most common use although saving an entire (total) system is sometimes convenient. As promised in Part 1 vane is a list of the program.

MEMORY MAP

dress Routine Hex Description

BL92 START 2008 Jumps to main progran at 9768

8195 SET-RAMTOP 2083 Sets RAMTOP to 49106

8218 - data - 201A Default variables

8224 TOT-SPACE 2026 Determines space available in systen 8235 PRG-SPACE 202B Detennines space available for progran 8246 FILE-SIZE-1 2036 Detemines size of a file in the systen 8255 FILE-SIZE-2 203F Determines size of file other than display 8268 MOVOUT 264C Moves a file fran systen to bank

R282 KEYBOARD 205A Scans keyboard and puts value in A 8298 DSP-OUT 206A Moves display file fram systean to bank 8317 TOT-IN 207D Loads an entire systen fran bank

8331 PRG-IN 208B Loads a progran fran bank into systen §353 CLR-NAMESTR 2@Al1 Clears the nane-string buffer

8388 PRT-NAMESTR 20BC Prints the nane-string buffer

8397 INP-NAMESTR 26CD Inputs name-string fran keyboard

A453 VAR-IN 2105 loads variables file into systan

8475 STR-TO-BC 211B Finds value of a numeric string

8486 TIMEOUT 2126 Delay loop

B96 - data - 2130 Character string

8565 BYTES-IN-BANK 2175 Detemnines anount of bank in use

8580 FF LIND-BANKEND 2184 Finds first free byte in bank

8622 FILE-TYPE 21AE Detennines file type

#631 PRT-ROCM 21B7 ~=Prints available space in bank

8653 ROOM-LEFT 21CD Calculates space available in bank 665 PRINT-HL 21D9~—s Prints value in HL

8667 8074 8693 8712 8795 8906 8978 8995 9009 9023 9037 9849 9008 9071 9081 9894 9104 9148 9155 9164 9175 9244 9298 9311 9324 9384 9398 9411 9425 9449 9463 9494 9525 9531 9546 9562 9647 9657 9678 9693 9716 9733 9758 9768 9886 9911 9969 10612 10049 10063 100875

PRINT-BC ENTER-DATASTR DSP-IN PRT-ADDR/ SIZE - data - BSOS-LOAD PRT-PROMPT PRT—CONF'IRM PRT-OVERE'LOW PRT-INVALID SET-VARLMTS SET-TOTIMTS SET-PRGLMTS LOAD-LMTS PRT-RANGE-1 PRT-RANGE-2 ENTER-LINENO SIZE-TO-BC START-OF-LINE END-OP-LINE RANGE-LMTS

- data - PRT-SAVE PRT-LOAD

- data - PRT-FILENO

- data - PRT-NEF FIND-FILE PRT-NOROGM

- data - VIRTUAL OS BANK-CHANGE-1 BANK-CHANGE-2 BANK-LOAD

- data - PRT-—PURGE PRT-FLAG PRT-RECLA IM PRT-BANK BANK-SAVE LOCATE-FILE-1 LOCATE-FILE-2 MAIN

21DB 21E2 21F5

258 225B 2306 2312 2323 2331 233F 234D 2359 2364 236F 2379 2386 23908 23BC 23C3 23CC 23D7 241C 2452 245F 246C 24A8 2436 24C3 24D1 24E9 24F7 2516 2535 253B 254A 255A 25AF 25b9 25C6 25bD 25F4 2665 2616 2628 2648 26B7 26F1 271C 2741 274F 275B

Prints value in BC

Puts data string into directory

Loads display file into systen

Prints file bank address and size Character string

Loads BSOS fran REM statanent to 8-1 0K Prints pranpt message on screen

Prints confinuation request

Prints 'not enough roan' message Prints ‘invalid extension’ message Sets limits for variables save

Sets limits for systen save

Sets limits for progran save

Loads file-start and file-end variables Prints line range pranpt 1

Prints line range pranpt 2

Inputs line nunber fran keyboard

Puts size of stored file into PC Detennines address of first byte of line Detemines address of last byte of line Sets limits for line range save Character string

Prints ‘save’ message

Prints 'load' message

Character string

Prints pranpt for file nunber Character string

Prints ‘no file found' message

Finds address of designated file in bank Prints 'no roan' message

Character string

Virtual menory operating routine Changes banks

Changes banks without pranpt

Transfers bank fran AS to 48-64K Character string

Prints pranpt for purge routine

Prints 'flag-no flag’ pranpt

Prints reclaim message

Prints bank change pranpt

Transfers bank fran 48-64K to A$ Locates file in bank given file letter Locates file in bank without pranpt Initialization / directory display

1. Save

2. Load

3. Purge 4. Reclaim 6. Bank

7. Roan

5. Pack

CHARACTER STRINGS

Address

8496 8517 8547 8556 8795 8819 8843

8983 8926 8949 9244 9255 9266 9278 9324

9398 9463 9475 9562 9584

Character string

ENTER "FILENAME. EXT" :

EXECUTE SAVE (S) OR ABORT (A): ADDRESS:

SIZE:

NOT ENOUGH ROOM IN BANK

PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE ENTER THE LINE RANGE OR ENTER (A)LL FOR THE ENTIRE PROGRAM FIRST LINE OR (S)TART:

LAST LINE OR (E)ND:

INVALID EXTENSION

SAVE A FILE

LOAD A FILE

CHANGE BANKS : ENTER BANK REQUIRED:

ENTER LETTER (A TO O) OF FILE: "7" WILL REDISPLAY DIRECTORY NO FILE FOUND

PURGE (FLAG)

(F)LAG OR (U)NFLAG?

RECLAIM PART OF SYSTEM | ENTER V TO CLEAR ALL VARIABLES OR P TO CLEAR (PART OF) PROGRAM

8192 8193 8194 8195 8196 8197 8198 8199 8200 8201 8202 8203 8204 8205 8206 8207 8208 8209 8210 8211 8212 8213 8214 8215 8216 8217 8218 8219 8220 8221 8222 8223 8224 8225 8226 8227 8228 8229 8230 8231 8232 8233 8234

8235

8236 8237

195 40 38

91 64 249 33

210

— ~o —

uw >

opSPpo Pu +S

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249

> +> WW

crnNnw > ae

195

on ee — o

Ae On OY Oo ao nh

wud

8238 8239 8240 8241 8242 8243 8244 8245 8246 8247 8248 B249 8250 B251 8252 2935 8254 8255 8256 8257 8258 B259 8260 8261 8262 8263 8264 8265 8266 8267 8268 8269 8270 8271 8272 8273 8274 8275 8276 8277 8278 8279 8280 8281 8282 8283

8284 8285 8286 8287 8288 8289 8290 8291 8292 8293 8294 8295 8296 8297 8298 8299 8300 8301 8302 8303 8304 8305 8306 8307 8308 8309 8310 B3lt 8312 B313 8314 B315 8316 8317 8318 B319 8320 B321 8322 8323 8324 8325 832

8327 8328 8329

BIS0 B51

7709 vue

8333 8334 8335 8336 8337 8338 8339 8340 B34) 8342 8343 8344 8345 8346 8347 8348 8349 8350 8351 8352 8353 8354 8355 8356 8357 8358 8359 8360 8361 8362 8363 8364 8365 8366 8367 8368 B369 8370 8371 8372 8373 8374 8375 8376

8377 8378 8379 8380 8381 8382 8383 8384 8385 8386 8387 8388 8389 8390 8391 8392 8393 8394 8395 8396 8397 8398 8399 8400 8401 8402 8403 8404 8405 8406 8407 8408 8409 8410 8411 8412 8413 8414 8415 8414 8417 8418 8419 8420 8421 8422 8423

8424 8425 8426 8427 8428 8429 8430 8431 8432 8433 8434 8435 8436 8437 8438 8439 8440 8441 8442 8443 8444 8445 8446 8447 8448 B449 8450 8451 8452 B453 8454 8455 8456 8457 8458 8459 8460 8461 8462 8463 8464 8465 8466 8467 8468 8469 8470

B47} 8472 8473 8474 8475 8476 8477 8478 8479 8480 8481 8482 8483 8484 8485 8486 8487 8488 8489 8490 8491 8492 8493 8494 8495 8496 8497 8498 B499 8500 8501 B502 8503 8504 8505 8506 8507 8508 8509 B510 8511 8512 8513 8514 8515 8516 8517 8518

bolls 8520 8521 522 8523 8524 8525 8526 8527 8528 8529 8530 8531 8532 8533 8534 8535 8536 8537 8538 8539 8540 8541 8542 8543 8544 8545 8546 8547 8548 8549 8550 8551 8552 8553 8554 8555 8556 8557 8558 8559 8560 8561 8562 8563 8564 8565 8566

8507 8568 8569 8570 8571 8572 8573 8574 8575 8576 8577 8578 BS79 8580 8581 8582 8583 8584 8585 8586 8587 8588 8589 8590 8591 8592 8593 8594 8595 8596 8597 8598 8599 8400 B601 8402 8603 84604 84605 84606 B607 84608 8609 8410 Béli 8612 8613 B414

Bois 8616 8617 84618 8619 B&20 8621 B422 8623 84624 8625 8426 8627 84628 B&29 B430 Bé31 84632 8633 8434 8635 B4636 8637 8638 B439 8440 8641 8442 84643 8644 8645 84646 8647 84648 8649 B&50 8651 84652 8653 8654 8655 8656 8657 8658 8659 8460 8661 86462

8663 8664 8665 8666 8667 84668 8669 84670 8671 8672 8673 8674 84675 B476 8677 8478 8679 8480 8681 8482 8683 8684 8485 8486 8687 8688 8689 8490 8691 84692 B693 8694 B695 8496 8697 84698 8699 8700 8701 8702 8703 8704 8705 8706 8707 8708 8709 8710

Bau? 8808 8809 8810 8811 8812 8B13 BB14 8815 BB16 8817 8818 8B19 8820 8821 B822 8823 8824 8825 8826 8827 8828 8829 8830 8831 8832 8833 8834 8835 8836 8837 8838 8839 8840 8841 8842 B843 8844 8845 8846 8847 8848 8849 8850 8851 8852 8853 8854

8903 8904 8905 8906 8907 8908 8909 8910 8911 8912 8913 B914 B915 B916 B917 8918 BI19 8920 8921 8922 8923 8924 8925 8926 8927 8928 8929 8930 8931 8932 8933 8934 8935 8936 8937 8938 8939 8940 8941 8942 8943 8944 8945 8946 8947 8948 8949 8950

> b @ cl

PoP SP COUN“N tn

ho Oo ~O

ano KO

aS 8952 8953 8954 8955 8956 8957 8958 8959 8960 8961 8962 8963 8964 8965 8966 8967 8968 B69 8970 8971 8972 8973 8974 8975 8976 8977 8978 8979 8980 8981 8982 8983 8984 8985 8986 8987 8988 8989 8990 8991 8992 8993 8994 B995 8996 8997 8998

E995 9000 9001 9002 9003 9004 9005 9006 9007 9008 9009 9010 9011 9012 9013 9014 9015 9016 9017 9018 9019 9020 9021 9022 9023 9024 9025 9026 9027 9028 9029 9030 9031 9032 9033 9034 9035 9036 9037 9038 9039 9040 9041 9042 9043

9044

9045 9046

9047 9048 9049 9050 9051 9052 9053 9054 9055 9056 9087 90358 9059 9060 9061 9062 9063 9064 9065 9066 9067 9068 9069 9070 9071 9072 9073 9074 9075 9076 9077 9078 9079 9080 9081 9082 9083 9084 9085 9086 9087 9088 9089 9090 9091 9092 9093 9094

9095 9096 9097 9098 9099 9100 9101 9102 9103 9104 9105 9106 9107 9108 9109 9110 9111 9112 9113 9114 9115 9116 9117 9118 9119 9120 9121 9122 9123 9124 9125 9126 9127 9128 9129 9130 9131 9132 9133 9134 9135 9136 9137 9138 9139 9140 9141 9142

9143 9144 9145 9146 9147 9148 9149 9150 9151 9152 9153 9154 9155 9156 9197 9158 9159 9160 9161 9162 9163 9164 9165 9166 9167 9168 9169 9170 9171 9172 9173 9174 9175 9176 9177 9178 9179 9180 9181 9182 9183 9184 9185 9186 9187 9188 9189 9190

F194 9192 9193 9194 9195 9196 9197 9198 9199 9200 9201 9202 9203 9204 9205 9206 9207 9208 9209 9210 9211 9212 9213 9214 9215 9216 9217 9218 9219 9220 9221 9222 9223 9224 9225 9226 9227 9228 9229 9230 9231 9232 9233 9234 9235 9236 9237 9238

239 9240 9241 9242 9243 9244 9245 9246 9247 9248 9249 9250 9251 9252 9253 9254 9255 9256 9257 9258 9289 9260 9261 9262 9263 9264 9265 9266 9267 9268 9269 9270 9271 9272 9273 9274 9275 9276 9277 9278 9279 9280 9281 9282 9283 9284 9285 9286

9287 9288 9289 9290 9291 9292 9293 9294 9295 9296 9297 9298 9299 9300 9301 9302 9303 9304 9305 9306 9307 9308 9309 9310 9311 9312 9313 9314 9315 9316 9317 9318 9319 9320 9321 9322 9323 9324 9325 9326 9327 9328 9329 9330 9331 9332 9333 9334

9335 9336 9337 9338 9339 9340 9341 9342 9343 9344 9345 9346 9347 9348 9349 9350 9351 9352 9353 9354 9355 9356 9357 9358 9359 9360 9361 9362 9363 9364 9365 9366 9367 9368 9369 9370 9371 9372 9373 9374 9375 9376 9377 9378 9379 9380 9381 9382

ore OM Oho Owe Oot NNO how oOo on cn

pu WRN

> PPro oow

ae Pn

9383 9384 9385 9386 9387 9388 9389 9390 9391 9392 9393 9394 9395 9396 9397 9398 9399 9400 9401 9402 9403 9404 9405 9406 9407 9408 9409 9410 9411 9412 9413 9414 9415 9416 9417 9418 9419 9420 9421 9422 9423 9424 9425 9426 9427 9428 9429 9430

G43} 9432 9433 9434 9435 9436 9437 9438 9439 9440 9441 9442 9443 9444 9445 9446 9447 9448 9449 9450 9451

94352 9453 94354 9455 9456 9437 9458 9459 9460 9461

9462 9463 9464 9465 9466 9467 9468 9469 9470 9471

9472 9473 9474 9475 9476 9477 9478 9479

9480 9481 9482 9483 9484 9485 9486 9487 9488 9489 9490 9491 9492 9493 9494 9495 9496 9497 9498 9499 9500 9501 9502 9503 9504 9505 9506 9507 9508 9509 9510 9511 93512 9513 9514 9515 93516 9517 9518 9519 9320 9521 9522 9523 9524 9525 9526 9527

952 9529 9530 9531 953 93533 9534 93535 93536 9537 9338 9539 9340 9541 9342 9543 93544 9545 9546 9547 9548 9549 9550 9551 9552 93553 9554 9555 9556 9557 9558 9559 9560 9561 9562 9563 9564 9565 9566 9567 9568 9569 93570 9571 9572 9573 93574 93575

9576 9577 9378 9379 9380 9581 9582 9583 9584 9585 9586 9587 9588 9589 93590 93591 9592 93593 9594 9595 9596 9597 93598 93599 9600 9601

9602 9603 9604 9605 9606 9607 9608 9609 9610 9611

9612 9613 9614 9615 9616 9617 9618 9619 9620 9621

9622 9623

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Review: Aerco FD-66 (dist interface) Aerco Dual Drive (DS/DD 400KB)

Reviewer: William Brancati 5206-1 Cedarbend Dr. Fort Myers,Fl. 23907 Ph: (813) 936-2298

When you first open the box and dig into the packing material) you discover a couple of items covered in aluminum foil. Unwrapping them reveals a 5 1/4" disk and the Aerco controller board(FD-68). The large item in the box if you spring for it is the Aerco drives and power supply combo.

The controllerboard is an interesting item composed of more than 25 IC’s and a few assorted other pieces. When connected to the 2068 it gives the appearance of a grey 3xS card (with two edge connectors on the right side) sitting behind the computer. The top edge connector is for the disk drives, the lower one is for the RGB output (matching cable is a $30 option.) There is also a through connector for other Peripherals. The controller board slips onto the computer edgecard with very little force, quite a contrast from other peripherals I’ve used.

The accompanying disk is an Elephant® and is labelled AERCO System Boot Copyright 85. The actual operating system on the disk is subject to modification as Aerco makes improvements to the system. The version described in this review is the April ’85 version.

The drives themselves are Remex drives according to the inner labels. They are of the double-sided, double—-density variety with 48 tracks per inch. Capable of holding 400kb in uaformatted form they actually provide the user with 395kb of useable data storage space. The drives are fast and fairly quiet making a "“burrk, burrk" sound as they work.

The Aerco operating system boots up automatically when the computer is turned on. It kicks in right after the Sinclair and Timex trademarks. ; '

Your first screen is a Union Jack with a welcome message in the middle. Beneath the flag are prompts to allow the loading of parallel and serial drivers, the display of a disk directory or the loading of an instructional tutorial.

The driver loading is above ramtop and configures the output to either serial port, parallel port and/or the TS 2040 printer.

The directory shows at the top of the screen the name of the Gisk and the amount of remaining space on it. Then below that it lists the names of all the programs. This is pretty stardard fare as computers go.

The instruction portion of the disk provides the user with three screens of useful help on how to operate the system and gives examples.

The instruction program on the disk 1€ most welcome since the accompanying manual is really quite inadequate. With all of the schematics they provide you can Probably buiid your own disk interface if you are so inclined. TI just wish more time had been spent on using the drives to their fullest.

The basic commands used by the Aerco drive system are:

Cat - This cammand 1s used 1n a two-fold manner. It not only allows you to obtain a disk directory when used by itself, but also allows you to load a program when used with the name of that Program (such as CAT “A: Tasword. BAS", )

MOVE —- This command is the way you put something onto the disk. It is used much like a standard save command in Sinclair Basic. You simply alter the extensions to the program name to go from basic to machine code (and you must put the starting address, number of bytes in saving programs. )

Format— Just what it says, for formatting new disks. Erase — Used to delete programs (ERASE “A:REVIEW. BAS")

As you can see it is not a very complex system of commands and many of the variations in their use rely heavily on the extenders. They are the little three digit items following the name of the program. The extenders are composed of:

- BAS - This indicates that the program is a Basic program.

-BIN - This is indicative of a Binary (machine code) Program. When saving it is necessary to us the starting address and number of bytes, however when loading they are not necessary.

«SCR - Used when saving/loading a screen.

- CHR - Used for saving/loading a character array. (This function is currently still under development by Aerco.)

«NUM ~ Used for saving/loading numeric arrays. (Also still under development as of April 85 which is the date of my operating system. These are due to be completed “any time now".)

- BUT - This extender marks a program as one to be booted from a cold start (assembly lang only).

» ARO - This program runs in the dock bank starting at 8000 hex.

-LRO - A program with this designation runs in the dock bank at O. (Also still under development.)

= 1l0-

Those ere the extenders whicn fit on the end of program names 8 "nen you save or load one. The program names themselves can be Wa: upto an additional 10 spaces. A couple of things to remember ar e thet the .BUT extender can only be: used with an eassemdly langeuge program. This prooably nrolds true for the .LRO and the ’

-ARO extenders as well. Since I gon’t go any programming in mi is w work,

In actual use my reactions to the Aerco disk system are @i.ed. The speed with wnich you can load a progrea is nothing short of incrediole. For example I can have Tasword up and running in adout 6 seconds from a cold start (computer off). That time could be cut further to 2 seconds by designating it as @y cold boot prograa.

Another thing thet hegn’t realized was the amount of data that can be storec on a disk. In anticipation of receiving this disk drive I ran out and dought 2 boxes of Maxell disks. Now I fing that I can put all the programs | own (adout 35-40) on one of the cishs,.

I don’t want to give you the idea that the Aerco System is perfect Dy any means. Some of the drawbacks I have @entioned earlier pertain to the use of character and numeric files. This Situation may Nave already been remedied by Ferco by the time you read this.

Otner complaints that IT nave revolve around quirks in the operating system, the drives or the Maxell disks but I’m not sure which. One of these 1s when for no apparent reason the program on the disk doesn’t work or run right one tise and the next time you try it...flawlessly. I nave also seen this happen on other computers but that doesn’t make it any more permissable on your Grive. This 18 probably the major flaw in this system.

The other main failing was righted by acall to Aerco. This involved an occasional “Invalid 1/0 device" error message when I tried =o get back to the disk. I must stress this is a very 2nfrequent occurrence. According to Aerco, there is a flaw somewnere in tne ROM that will occasionally close down the cnannel to the drive. To remecy this al] that is needed is to type in “OUT 244,11" and you’re back in business.

In the final analysis I would recomaend the Aerco disk system without too many reservations if it weren’t for the price. The Same can be said of the Rapex and Timex of Portugal systeas. My disk drives along with the interface ran me $511. I am not hurting for money so it didn’t bother me that much. To put it in perspective for the price I paid, I could have purchased a new ater: 1LIOXE and 2 eatching Atari 1050 gisk drives.

Timex/Sinclair has always been synonyaous with low cost computing and this threatens to break that relationship. I feel Nowever that the prices of all the various drive systems will come down if tne companies are actually expecting to sell more than just a few.

One last thing tnat reaiiy threatens to sadotage the entire disk drive market 16 lack of compatibility between various systems. As 1t now sits each of the 3 mayor drives is totally incompatible with any other. In the interest of keeping their Own “golden goose” alive, I would think that one standard should be adopted by the manufacturers. The Timex of Portugal operating system would be the logical cnoice because it does the most. Let’s hope the other guys are listening.

Peels Fwitcs oowte cose IMPORTANT NOTE “aim RSO —

aC LiLCTaIC LOBOT CO See CARI ——— 6s 207) ous TO PB O12) Hi-

FD-68 Floppy Disc Interface

The AERCO disc interface includes an additional 64 K Bytes of RAM memory in the DOCK bank. In order to properly recognize the disk related keyboard commands, the bottom 6 K of the system memory must be executed from the DOCK benk

This 18 accomplished with the commend OUT 244,1 This mey be done either

04K RAN ¢ Girectly from the keyboard or from within a Program if you key Ine disk bar pes : he = COMMAND ond the system replies J Invalid 1/0 device simply type OUT 244,1 PORE RET SIzt press ENTER ond re-enter your command. SOK Ditsvsec i I = tvs oce Coseccies 'Ule-teee AT ETTTPTTT TPT TTT TTT Comevile® Cose(cToe— eae roe 18/2068 Is/1900 = Floppy Disc Interfoce .. .......... $199 .. 3 be - . $179 Disc Orives... Gestes tt vedisonstee from 99 : or from 99 Power Supplies . besapcag aah aap id coat .... 99 . 99 Centronics Printer 1/0... ae . 69. . : bi alge 99 Ouel RS-232C Seriel 1/0... ; 99... . # 99 Direct Video Mod (DV-1) ; ne. : 15 ~ogucadvaniagesolineoscRAM cmesmnet [| C ITOH 6S10 Printer. ........ fb fon eS ox S bepaey. “a5 ROM Bd. with Auto Disc Boot......... nfo... ; obits 39 Emulate the Spectrum ROM trom Oise RGB Cable (specify monitor)...... ore | * eee -. ne CPR LEU V7 2:2) "ie ae newt é coming soon... . no - Run CP/M version 22 Access the worlds largest collection of

Peolic domein end commercial sotlwere FAE co 30x 16093 Austin Tx 7 3 Run 8 second or much larger program than the orginal 48K RAM HUB ustin 6760 insige tne 2008 allows Pn (512) 451-5874 GOAME ELECTRIC £0997 C8

<A ty

== or a SINCLAIR NEWS: Lonnie Kendall

Christmastide comes and Sinclair Research Ltd. is trying to market all their products in time to make a profit; something which Sinclair very much needs to do. Introduced in Spain is the 128K Spectrum. This computer will not be introduced in Britian until 1986. This version of the Spectrum+ works in 48K or 128K mode. In 128K mode it has a numeric keypad for calculations during programing without disturbing the program, and for editing your BASIC programs on screen. The Spectrum 128K has an RS232 port, an RGB port, purhaps joystick ports, and a new sound chip. The extra memory can be used for a RAM disc. The commands are typed in just as on the QL instead of the keyword entry system. I find that programing is much faster when I don’t need to figure out where the blazes that keyword is. The English Micro Connection says call for price and specifications, (481)849-39895,

Also on the market is Sinclair’s flat screen T.V.. Billed to work any where in the world this television (in a manner now standard to Sinclair Research) does not use common batteries, but a lithium power cell. While this battery may work a long time, your guess is as good as mine about where to buy these cells. Has any one tried it out? Let us know how it works.

Sinclair Research is still working on wafer scale integrated circuits. Metalab plans a S@OK memory storage system for the QL with this wafer. Don’t hold your breath. It will not come this year, maybe not even next year. An insert with this news letter discribes Sinclair’s electric tricycle. I think I will wait.

PERSONAL COMPUTER WORLD, a British magazine which seems to have little respect for Sir Clive or his work, reports with intrest that soon Sinclair will introduce cellular phone for about $1596, This device will under sale other cellular phones by at least $1,980. PCW feels that this will make Sinclair Researce Ltd. more financially viable. We hope so.

You can get about anything you want for you Spectrum/2968 made Spectrum compatable. EMC, Curry Computer, Sunset Electronics, Zebra, E. Arthur Brown, Russell Electroniics, Games To Learn By, Damco Enterprises and other suppliers have programs, and hardware at various prices. It is Christmas time. Do you want to give a new computer to some one who owns a 2668? Check with Doug Dewey (Enter Lengua) for his Emu-series of products that let you have a 2268

and a Spectrum in the same box. Spectrum is the best selling computer world

wide, and you can get a fantastic range of products. Move over C-64, THE QUANTUM LEAP

I bought my @L in August at $598. You can buy yours for $3988 or even less.

Shop! It iS worth the effort. After seeing my GL Doug Dewey wants one. Doug is a hard sellj} his standards are high. If Doug likes it you might also. There are many wonderful things already available for Christmas time. Unlike the

Atari ST or the Amiga, there are a number of software title for sale now, not to mention the fantastic Psion programs that come bundled with the machine. The Word Processor is the best I have used yet. Of course I have only used Tasword II and M-SCRIPT. Do you want to try out a new program language, other than SuperBASIC? Try APL, BCPL, C, Forth, Pascal, and others even more obscure to me. If you like machine code or Assembly Language there are assemblers,

disassemblers, and monitors. Digital Precision has a SuperBASIC compiler, SUPERCHARGE, which will cost around $75 (depending on the price of a British Pound). For those of us who are BASIC Pprogramers, this sounds good.

There are some games on the American market, I have “Cavern” and "Zkul." "QL Chess," "Match Point," and "Super Backgammon" get the best reveiws I have read. "Lands of Havoc," and "West" are reveiwed as good for the type of games they are (arcade and text adventure.) I find "Cavern" and "Zkul" to be about

the same. The other games range down to bad. There are not Many good gaming programs yet, but optimism runs high. Make sure you know what you are buying.

IT have "Paint Master," a graphics package. It does not allow drawing on the whole screen, but it does write the screen up aS a basic program or a data file, and the art work can be encluded in a basic listing. For this kind of

orogram, "GRAPHI@L" gets the highest marks I have read. None of the packages are CAD types.

There are some business programs worth considering. Make sure that you need them. After all, you have some fantastic Programs which come with your QL. If you learn how to use these, you May not need any others.

When you buy your @L also buy extra microdrive Cartridges, “Cartridge Doctor" from Talent, and a seriel to centronics interface (Curry Computer has a good interface from Miracle Systems Ltd. which works with either SER1 or SER2 and costs $49.95). You need the Cartridges to backup your programs and data. You

-12-

% need "Cartridge Doctor" because you will make mistakes, and the serial to centronics interface will allow you to use, standard printers. Mine works very well and needs no extra drivers, because the QL’s seriel driver is sufficient, except for screen dumps. All of this is less than the $599 I paid. You might as well keep in mind an RGB monitor that is made to work on the QL. American standard (?) type RGB monitors do not work well with the 85 collumn screen on the QL. Unless you have a British (PAL) composite monitor, you may as well give up any hope of composite color. Even my monochrome monitor has screen waver. With an RGB monitor, the QL still costs less than the Atari ST.

What else is available? Memory expansions of up to 512K, disc drive interfaces, printers, monitors, books, and magazines. In Britain internal memory expansions are available to make the @L a 512K machine for 1/2 the cost of an external expansion, but printing to the screen is slower. I hope that this will be here in the U.S.A. soon. A ROM operating system similar to GEM is available by now from Curry, called ICE. This costs about $82.

What does one do with a QL? Carefully read the instructions about how to backup your Psion programs and do this immediately when you plug up for the first time. This is better than trying to find some who will let you clone theirs. ALWAYS backup the programs you buy, the ones you type in, and your data. The computer can glitch and corrupt a file very easily. (It is like the dog eating your extensive report in -front of your very e€YyE6S; while the computer happily munches the data off of your cartridge.) If you didn’t order microcartridges like I told you to, you now wait for a week or more before you can use the computer for more than experimenting. You will not dare use a program you have bought until you back it up, so you mark time. I had to wait 13 weeks for Sinclair Research to get my order for extra cartidges correct. It cost more in phone calls than the order did. I suggest that you might buy some from your favorite vendor, even if they are more expensive. It is better than putting all of your cartridges in one basket. Most commercial programs are protected so that you will have to have your copy in MDV1 and the original in mMDV2. AS soon as they are not needed remove the cartridges. This is the best way to be safe.

Apart from buying software or writing your own programs, you can buy books and magazines from several companies. Check reveiws of books like you do software. Some of these books are of no value to an experienced user and little use to the beginner. If you are a beginner you will need a lot more help than the GL USERS GUIDE will give you. It is not for the inexperienced user, neither is the @L TECHNICAL GUIDE for that matter.

One point about editing. The EDIT mode can be entered by typing in an unused line number and moving off of that line with a cursor key. Moving off of a line will enter that line to memory and you move onto each line at the last character. If the AUTQ command has been used, which begins at 188 and increments by 1@ (or begins and increments by any number you choose), when the EDIT mode is entered the AUTO facitlity will be reactivated, and must be canceled with CTRL and SPACE. The ease of entering and using the EDIT mode makes it almost as useful as a full screen editor.

There is a lot that can be said about the GL. Specifications have been printed in almost every major computer magazine. Limitations include the microdrives. Microdrives on an advanced computer such as the QL is like launching a space shuttle with rubber bands. At least 3 years of complaint from the computing industry should have convinced Sir Clive to use floppy discs by now. Memory is cheap. The @L should have 512K on board. A centronics port should not need to be added on and the econo_BEEP sound of the @L is sad compared to the SOUND of the T/S 2068. It might sound as if I am negative about the @L but I actually like mine well enough to consider buying another so that I do not need to move this one between office and home.

The QL has a great potential, which will only be realized in proportion to the number which are sold. I hope you get a QL for the holidays. Try to sell your friends on this computer. Below are some of the companies which offer QGLs, software, and hardware. If you by from one of these companies, PLEASE mention that you read about them in the TSUG NEWSLETTER. We can use some advertisers.

CURRY COMPUTER, P.O. Box 5687, Glendale, AZ 85312-5667 (692)978-2992

ENGLISH MICRO CONNECTION, 15 Kilburn Court, Newport, RI 92849 (491)849-3895 _€-2Z KEY, Dept. Sum, 711 S. Artery, Quincy, MA 82179

HEATH COMPUTER SERVICES, 959 East-52 South, Greentown, IN 46936, (317) 628-3139 KMIGHTED COMPUTERS, 787 Highland St., Fulton, NY 13969 (315)593-8219

SUNSET ELECTRONICS, 2254 Taraval St., San Francisco, CA 94116 (415) 665-8339 SINCLAIR RESEARCCH, LTD., ONE SINCLAIR PLAZA, NASHUA, NH 03061 (899) 227-1563 SINWARE, Box 8832, Santa Fe, NM 87564 >

TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY ELECTRONICS, 6813 POLK ST., GUTTENBURG NJ 97693

ZEBRA SYSTEMS, INC., 78-96 Jamaica Avenue, Woodhaven, NY 11421 (716) 296-2385

The HUNTER Board eee eee eee na ee Add Memory that won't Forget!. - . : (BYNTAX QUARTERLY Wintar 2)

For versabiity this & even betler than an EPROM. ..ranks quite high on the kst of “must-haves”...

-1a-

(SYNC Magazine Mar/Apr $3) Radie-Bastreaiag DESCRIBED IN JULY/AUGUST 1983 (Z-WEST dune 83) Complete kt with one 2K 6116LP-3.. 0 eee $32.95 ADD YOUR OWN SYSTEM UTIUTIES Additional twee 6116LP-3.000000 $1520 10 00 Bare pc board &manud. eee $13.05 BUILD UP A UBRARY OF MACHINE ore ces re Qold burcated. $ 5.00 Or jan] USO OOM i385 ans ope oe Meee IED cere, ce SeFocs dnlhen 2ely eed BRE RANGUAGE SUBR NES &lestad wth 2K $47.95 UP TO 8K NONVOLATILE RAM Srepng branding porate 2

USE HM6116LP CMOS RAM OR 2716/2732 EPROM

COMPATIBLE WITH ; 16K RAM PACKS $ 95

Send check or money order to the address below: HUNTER, 1630 FOREST HILLS DRIVE, OKEMOS, MI 48864

plus $1.95 shipping and handling

The Last Word If you do not desire to type in Paul’s 2K machine code program is

avaiable from Paul for $10.00 ppd. For his address, see the ad for his NVM board.

ywwwwww™~

The Triangle Users’ Group meets once a month on the first Sunday of each month at 2:00 pm in the Dreyfus Auditorium of the Research Triangle Park facility just off of Cornwallis Road. The public is welcome, in fact the public is invited. Membership in our Users’ Group is $10.00 a year. We have a large public that we serve, and we need sustaining contributions in the form of money, articles for the newsletter, or occasional letters telling us you are interested in receiving our publication. The donation of goods and monies by members and business friends alike is a welcome occurence and is also tax-deductible.

TRIANGLE SINCLAIR USERS’ GROUP OFFICERS:

President; Doug Dewey, 206 James ST., Carrboro, NC 27510, 919-933-3079.

—.. . “ice-President;.Bill Roberts, 1346 Manhattan Court, Cary,-NC,-27511, (919)- _ 467-7755. Secretary; Dick Scoville, 2313 W. Club Blvd., Durham, NC 27705, 919-286- 4959.

Treasurer; Mike Boyce, 3313 East Oak Dr., Durham, NC 27712, 919-383-2000,

Board of Operators

Special Assistance: Hiawatha Demby Jr. Refreshments: Carol K. Roberts

Send mail and inquires to Doug.

If you would like to join our User’s Group then fill out the application form below and send it along with a check for $10.00 (1 year’s membership) to Doug’s address. You will receive 12 issues of the Triangle Sinclair User’s Group Newsletter (they may be late, but you will get 12 issues).

I ae at pg at esa in ns Peto TOWN? 2.0 uu. STATE:..... ZIP CODES...

I own a: TS 1000 ___, TS2068 ___» OTHER: I plan to buy a QL __ I own a modem

I want articles ons hardware projects ___, software__, reviews ___, machine code ___. I would like to write some articles for the newsletter___.

T would like to

SEND: Te Ge Be rw gn ea ey Doug Dewey 206 James St.

Carrboro, NC 27510